La Teoría de los Fundamentos Morales y las elecciones presidenciales brasileñas de 2018 y 2022

Autores/as

Resumen

A Teoria dos Fundamentos Morais postula que liberais e conservadores são orientados por fundamentos morais distintos, o que pode ser usado como estratégia de persuasão política, bem como influenciar no comportamento de voto. No presente trabalho, realizamos quatro estudos. Os participantes responderam a um instrumento online composto pelo Questionário de Fundamentos Morais, uma medida de intenção de votos e informaram dados demográficos. Nos estudos foram identificados que a tendência individualizante influenciou a intenção de votos a candidatos de esquerda, enquanto a tendência coesiva influenciou a intenção para candidatos de direita nas eleições presidenciais de 2018 e 2022. Conclui-se que a TFM é um modelo robusto para compreensão de aspectos do comportamento político brasileiro.

Palabras clave

Teoria dos Fundamentos Morais, Moralidade, Política, Intenção de Voto

Citas

Alarcon, Anderson D. O. (2018). Estatismo entre elites legislativas federais [Dissertação de Mestrado inédita]. Universidade Estadual de Maringá. http://repositorio.uem.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/5844

Amin, Avnika B.; Bednarczyk, Robert A.; Ray, Cara E.; Melchiori, Kala J.; Graham, Jesse; Huntsinger, Jeffrey R. & Omer, Saad B. (2017). Association of moral values with vaccine hesitancy. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(12), 873-880. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0256-5

Barnett, Michael D. & Hilz, Emily N. (2018). The Psychology of the Politics of Rape: Political Ideology, Moral Foundations, and Attitudes Toward Rape. Violence Against Women, 24(5), 545-564. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801217708887

Bolsonaro afirma que torturador Brilhante Ustra é um “herói nacional” (2019). VEJA. https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/bolsonaro-afirma-que-torturador-brilhante-ustra-e-um-heroi-nacional/

Carreirão, Yan de Souza (2007). Identificação ideológica, partidos e votos na eleição presidencial de 2006. Opinião Pública, 13(2), 307-339. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-62762007000200004

Clifford, Scott (2016). Individual Differences in Group Loyalty Predict Partisan Strength. Political Behavior, 39, 531-552.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-016-9367-3

Coletta, Ricardo Della (2020). Bolsonaro critica restrições, diz que a fome mata e que está pronto para conversar com governadores. Folha de S. Paulo. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2020/05/bolsonaro-critica-restricoes-diz-que-a-fome-mata-e-que-esta-pronto-para-conversar-com-governadores.shtml

Coppock, Alexander; Leeper, Thomas J. & Mullinix, Kevin J. (2018). Generalizability of heterogeneous treatment effect estimates across samples. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(49), 12441-12446. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808083115

Day, Martin V.; Fiske, Susan T.; Downing, Emily L. & Trail, Thomas E. (2014). Shifting Liberal and Conservative Attitudes Using Moral Foundations Theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(12), 1559-1573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214551152

Franco, Alexandre B. & Pound, Nicholas (2022). The foundations of Bolsonaro’s support: Exploring the psychological underpinnings of political polarization in Brazil. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 32(5), 846-859. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2599

Franks, Andrew S. & Scherr, Kyle C. (2015). Using Moral Foundations to Predict Voting Behavior: Regression Models from the 2012 U.S. Presidential Election. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 15(1), 213-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12074

Galli, Luccas Moraes & Modesto, João Gabriel (2023). Polarization about Human Rights: Political Orientation, Morality, and Belief in a Just World. Trends in Psychology, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-023-00260-4

Giacomozzi, Andréia Isabel; Tavares, Amanda Christine Albuquerque; da Silveira, Anderson, & Justo, Ana Maria (2022). Polarização Política e Relações Intergrupais: um estudo das Representações Sociais no Brasil. Quaderns de Psicologia, 24(3), e1643. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1643

Glória Filho, Mario & Modesto, João Gabriel (2019). Morality, Activism and Radicalism in the Brazilian Left and the Brazilian Right. Temas Em Psicologia, 27(3), 763-777. https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2019.3-12

Graham, Amanda; Cullen, Francis T.; Pickett, Justin T.; Jonson, Cheryl Lero; Haner, Murat & Sloan, Melissa M. (2020). Faith in Trump, moral foundations, and social distancing defiance during the coronavirus pandemic. Socius, 6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023120956815

Graham, Jesse; Haidt, Jonathan; Koleva, Sena; Motyl, Matt; Iyer, Ravi; Wojcik, Sean P. & Ditto, Peter H. (2013). Moral Foundations Theory: The Pragmatic Validity of Moral Pluralism (1st ed., Vol. 47). Elsevier.

https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4

Graham, Jesse; Haidt, Jonathan & Nosek, Brian Arthur (2009). Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029-1046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015141

Haidt, Jonathan (2007). The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science, 316(5827), 998-1002. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137651

Haidt, Jonathan (2008). Morality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00063.x

Haidt, Jonathan (2013). The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion. Vintage Books.

Haidt, Jonathan & Graham, Jesse (2007). When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research, 20(1), 98-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-007-0034-z

Haidt, Jonathan & Joseph, Craig (2004). Intuitive ethics: how innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus, 133(4), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1162/0011526042365555

Haidt, Jonathan & Joseph, Craig (2008). The Moral Mind: How five sets of innate intuitions guide the development of many culture-specific virtues, and perhaps even modules. In Peter Carruthers, Stephen Laurence & Stephen Stich (Eds.), The Innate Mind (Vol. 3, pp. 367-392). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195332834.003.0019

Harper, Craig A. & Hogue, Todd E. (2019). The role of intuitive moral foundations in Britain's vote on EU membership. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 29(2), 90-103. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2386

Heine, Florian & Wolters, Ennie (2021). Using moral foundations in government communication to reduce vaccine hesitancy. PloS one, 16(11), e0259435. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259435

Iyer, Ravi; Graham, Jesse; Koleva, Spassena; Ditto, Peter & Haidt, Jonathan (2010). Beyond identity politics: Moral psychology and the 2008 democratic primary. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 10(1), 293-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2010.01203.x

Johnson, Kate M.; Iyer, Ravi; Wojcik, Sean P.; Vaisey, Stephan; Miles, Andrew; Chu, Veronica & Graham, Jesse (2014). Ideology-Specific Patterns of Moral Indifference Predict Intentions Not to Vote. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 14, 61-77. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12039

Maciel, Ana Paula B.; Alarcon, Anderson D. O. & Gimenes, Éder R. (2018). Partidos políticos e espectro ideológico: Parlamentares, especialistas, esquerda e direita no Brasil. Revista Eletrônica de Ciência Política, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.5380/recp.v8i3.54834

Milesi, Patrizia (2015). Moral foundations and political attitudes: The moderating role of political sophistication. International Journal of Psychology, 51(4), 252-260. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12158

Milesi, Patrizia (2017). Moral foundations and voting intention in Italy. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 13(4), 667-687. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v13i4.1391

Milesi, Patrizia; Süssenbach, Philipp; Bohner, Gerd & Megías, Jesús L. (2020). The interplay of modern myths about sexual aggression and moral foundations in the blaming of rape victims. European journal of social psychology, 50(1), 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2622

Modesto, João Gabriel; Zacarias, Daniel Oliveira; Galli, Luccas Moraes & Neiva, Beatriz do Amaral (2020). COVID-19 and attitudes toward social isolation: The role of political orientation, morality, and fake news. Estudos de Psicologia (Natal), 25(2), 124-132. http://dx.doi.org/10.22491/1678-4669.20200013

Nilsson, Artur & Erlandsson, Arvid (2015). The Moral Foundations taxonomy: Structural validity and relation to political ideology in Sweden. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 28-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.049

O que Bolsonaro já disse de fato sobre mulheres, negros e gays (2018). El País. https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/10/06/politica/1538859277_033603.html

Pettigrew, Thomas F. (2018). The Emergence of Contextual Social Psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(7), 963-971. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218756033

Rempala, Daniel M.; Okdie, Bradley M. & Garvey, Kilian J. (2016). Articulating ideolog: How liberals and conservatives justify political affiliations using morality-based explanations. Motivation and Emotion, 40, 703-719.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-016-9563-9

Scheeffer, Fernando. (2016). Ideologia e comportamento parlamentar na Câmara dos Deputados: Faz sentido ainda falar em esquerda e direita? [Tese de doutorado inédita], Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/handle/123456789/172579

Schmidtke, Kelly Ann; Kudrna, Laura; Noufaily, Angela; Stallard, Nigel; Skrybant, Magdalena; Russell, Samantha & Clarke, Aileen (2022). Evaluating the relationship between moral values and vaccine hesitancy in Great Britain during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey. Social Science & Medicine, 308, 115218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115218

Silver, Jasmine R., & Silver, Eric (2017). Why are conservatives more punitive than liberals? A moral foundations approach. Law and Human Behavior, 41(3), 258-272. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000232

Silvino, Alexandre Magno Dias; Silva, Elena Pinheiro; Freitas, Aline Fernandes de Paula; Silva, Juliana Nunes; Lima, Maíra Fernandes; Keller, Victor Nahuel & Pilati, Ronaldo (2016). Adaptação do Questionário dos Fundamentos Morais para o Português. Psico-USF, 21(3), 487-495. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712016210304

Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (2019). Sistemas eleitorais brasileiros. http://www.tse.jus.br/o-tse/escola-judiciaria-eleitoral/publicacoes/revistas-da-eje/artigos/revista-eletronica-eje-n.-4-ano-4/sistemas-eleitorais-brasileiros

Vaughan, Tyler J.; Bell Holleran, Lisa & Silver, Jasmine R. (2019). Applying moral foundations theory to the explanation of capital jurors’ sentencing decisions. Justice Quarterly, 36(7), 1176-1205. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2018.1537400

Yılmaz, Onurcan; Sarıbay, S. Adil; Bahçekapılı, Hasan G. & Harma, Mehmet (2016). Political orientations, ideological self-categorizations, party preferences, and moral foundations of young Turkish voters, Turkish Studies, 17(4), 544-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2016.1221312

Weinschenk, Aaron & Dawes, Christopher (2019). Moral Foundations, System Justification, and Support for Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election. The Forum, 17(2), 195-208. https://doi.org/10.1515/for-2019-0012

Zacarias, Daniel O.; Galli, Luccas M. & Modesto, João G. (2023). Militarização nas escolas: uma questão moral e de perigo social? Educa-Revista Multidisciplinar em Educação, 10, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.26568/2359-2087.2023.6593

Biografía del autor/a

Daniel Oliveira Zacarias, Universidade de Brasília

Doutorando em Psicologia Social pela Universidade de Brasília (UnB) e membro do
Instituto de Ciência Neurociência Social e Afetiva (INCT-SANI).

Rizzia Daphne Andrade Almeida, Centro Universitário de Brasília

Graduanda em Psicologia pelo Centro Universitário de Brasília (CEUB).

João Gabriel Modesto, Universidade Estadual de Goiás

Doutor em Psicologia Social pela Universidade de Brasília. Professor do Programa de
Pós-Graduação em Gestão, Educação e Tecnologias da Universidade Estadual de
Goiás.

Publicado

03-04-2024

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.