Evaluación de la eficacia de una intervención en Fortalezas del Carácter en Centros de Salud Públicos en Chile

Autores/as

Resumen

Intervenciones Psicológicas Positivas, basadas en modelos teóricos como la teoría de Demandas y Recursos Laborales (JD-R) y el Modelo Espiral Dual de la Salud Ocupacional, proponen el desarrollo de recursos personales para reducir los efectos de los riesgos psicosociales y, a su vez, mejorar el bienestar y el desempeño laboral. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la eficacia de una intervención en Fortalezas del Carácter para disminuir los riesgos psicosociales y el ausentismo laboral, y, a su vez, aumentar el engagement laboral y el desempeño laboral en Centros de Salud Públicos en Chile. A través de un diseño pre-experimental, en una muestra de 46 trabajadores/as se evaluaron medidas antes y después de una intervención. Los resultados sugieren que la intervención en Fortalezas del Carácter es herramienta útil, especialmente en trabajadores/as que enfrentaban mayores desafíos, aunque es necesario continuar investigando su aplicación en distintos contextos y con diseños más robustos.

Palabras clave

Intervenciones psicológicas positivas, Fortalezas del carácter, Riesgos psicosociales, Bienestar, Desempeño

Citas

Ansoleaga, Elisa. (2015). Indicadores de salud mental asociados a riesgo psicosocial laboral en un hospital público. Revista Médica de Chile, 143(1), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872015000100006

Ansoleaga, Elisa, & Castillo-Carniglia, Álvaro. (2011). Riesgo psicosocial laboral y patología mental en trabajadores de hospital. Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, 29(4), 372-379. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rfnsp.9681

Aubouin-Bonnaventure, Julia; Chevalier, Séverine; Lahiani, Fadi-Joseph, & Fouquereau, Evelyne. (2023). Well-being and performance at work: a new approach favourable to the optimal functioning of workers through virtuous organisational practice. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-01-2023-3584

Bakker, Arnold, & Demerouti, Evangelina. (2007). The job demands–resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22, 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115

Bakker, Arnold, & Demerouti, Evangelina. (2016). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(2), 292-298. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056

Bozionelos, Nikos, & Simmering, Marcia. (2022). Methodological threat or myth? Evaluating the current state of evidence on common method variance in human resource management research. Human Resource Management Journal, 32(1), 194-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12398

Campbell, John. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology. In Marvin D. Dunnette & Leaetta M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., pp. 687–732). Consulting Psychologists Press.

Campbell, Donald, & Stanley, Julian. (1966). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Rand McNally.

Cannas, Massimo; Sergi, Bruno; Sironi, Emiliano, & Mentel, Urzula. (2019). Job satisfaction andsubjective well-being in Europe. Economics and Sociology, 12(4), 183-196. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2019/12-4/11

Carolan, Stephany; Harris, Peter, & Cavanagh, Kate. (2017). Improving Employee Well-Being and Effectiveness: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Web-Based Psychological Interventions Delivered in the Workplace. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7583

Castro, Alejandro, & Cosentino, Alejandro. (2018). IVyF abreviado - IVyFabre: Análisis psicométrico y de estructura factorial en Argentina. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 36(3), 619-637. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.4681

Cohen, Jacob. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Second Edition. LEA.

Cruz-Ortiz, Valeria; Salanova, Marisa, & Martínez, Isabel. (2013). Liderazgo transformacional y desempeño grupal: unidos por el engagement grupal. Revista de Psicología Social, 28(2) 183-196. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347413806196762

Demirović Bajrami, Dunja; Petrović, Marco; Sekulić, Dejan; Radovanović, Milan; Blešić, Ivana; Vuksanović, Nikola; Cimbaljević, Marija, & Tretiakova, Tatiana. (2022). Significance of the work environment and personal resources for employees’ well-being at work in the hospitality sector. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 161-165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316165

Duan, Wenjie, & Bu, He. (2017). Development and initial validation of a short three-dimensional inventory of character strengths. Quality of Life Research, 26(9), 2519-2531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-017-1594-y

Dubreuil, Philippe; Forest, Jacques, & Courcy, Francois. (2014). From strengths use to work performance: The role of harmonious passion, subjective vitality, and concentration. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(4), 335-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.897452

Ewen, Claire; Jenkins, Helen; Jackson, Craig; Jutley-Neilson, Jagjeet, & Galvin, John. (2021). Well-being, job satisfaction, stress and burnout in speech-language pathologists: A review. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 23(2), 180-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2020.1758210

Faul, Franz; Erdfelder, Edgar; Lang, Albert George, & Buchner, Axel. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior research methods, 39(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146

Fernández, Ignacio. (2015). Felicidad organizacional: Cómo construir felicidad en el trabajo. Ediciones B.

Field, Andy. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Fredrickson, Barbara. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. Advances in experimental social psychology, 47, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00001-2

George, Darren, & Mallery, Paul. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 Update (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.

Ghielen, Sanne Theodora; Van-Woerkom, Marianne, & Meyers, Maria Christina. (2018). Promoting positive outcomes through strengths interventions: A literature review. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(6), 573-585. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1365164

Good, Darren J.; Lyddy, Christopher J.; Glomb, Theresa M.; Bono, Joyce E.; Brown, Kirk Warren; Duffy, Michelle K.; Baer, Ruth A.; Brewer, Judson A., & Lazar, Sara W. (2016). Contemplating mindfulness at work: An integrative review. Journal of Management, 42, 114-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315617003

Harzer, Claudia. (2020). Fostering character strengths to promote thriving and flourishing in organizations. Organisations beratung, Supervision, Coaching, 27(1), 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11613-020-00636-w

Harzer, Claudia; Bezuglova, Natalia, & Weber, Marco. (2021). Incremental Validity of Character Strengths as Predictors of Job Performance Beyond General Mental Ability and the Big Five. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 518369. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.518369

Hernández, Tirso Javier. (2023). Desempeño laboral y desempeño social en las organizaciones. Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, 28(101), 8-9. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.28.101.1

Hernández-Sampieri, Roberto; Fernández-Collado, Carlos, & Baptista-Lucio, Pilar. (2006). Análisis de los datos cuantitativos. Metodología de la investigación. McGraw Hill.

Hobfoll, Stevan; Johnson, Robert; Ennis, Nicole, & Jackson, Anita. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 632-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.632

International Labour Organization (ILO). (1986). Psychosocial Factors at Work: Recognition and Control. Occupational Safety and Health Series, 56. International Labour Office, Geneva. https://ilo.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/41ILO_INST/1jaulmn/alma992480113402676

International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020). ILO Monitor 1st Edition: COVID-19 and the world of work: Impact and policy responses. Author. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/lang--en/index.htm

Knight, Caroline; Patterson, Malcolm, & Dawson, Jeremy. (2017). Building work engagement: A systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the effectiveness of work engagement interventions. Journal of organizational behavior, 38(6), 792–812. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2167

Kong, Dejun, & Ho, Violet. (2015). A self-determination perspective on strengths use at work. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(11). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1004555

Kotter, John Paul. (2012). Leading change. Harvard Business Press.

Lin, Chieh-Peng. (2010). Modeling corporate citizenship, organizational trust, and work engagement based on attachment theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 94, 517-531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0279-6

Linley, Alex, & Harrington, Sue. (2006). Strengths coaching: A potential-guided approach to coaching psychology. International Coaching Psychology Review, 1(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpsicpr.2006.1.1.37

Littman-Ovadia, Hadassah, & Steger, Michael. (2010). Character strengths and well-being among volunteers and employees: Toward an integrative model. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(6), 419-430. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.516765

Llorens, Susana, & Salanova, Marisa. (2014). Loss and gain cycles? A longitudinal study about burnout, engagement and self-efficacy. Burnout Research, 1(1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2014.02.001

Llorens, Susana; Schaufeli, Wilmar Bernard; Bakker, Arnold, & Salanova, Marisa. (2007). Does a Positive Gain Spiral of Resources, Efficacy Beliefs and Engagement exist? Computers in Human Behaviol, 23(1), 825-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2004.11.012

MacCallum, Robert; Zhang, Shaobo; Preacher, Kristopher, & Rucker, Derek. (2002). On the practice of dichotomization of quantitative variables. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 19-40. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.19

Martínez, Carolina Luengo; Moraga, Sebastián; Paredes, Carla Sandoval; Vásquez, Amanda, & Villarroel, Cristina. (2020). Occupational fatigue and work absenteeism in female assistant nurses of a high-complexity hospital, Chile. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 25(1), 243-249. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232020251.28832019

Meyers, Maria Christina, & van Woerkom, Marianne. (2017). Effects of a strengths intervention on general and work-related well-being: The mediating role of positive affect. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(3), 671–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9745-x

Miglianico, Marine; Dubreuil, Philippe; Miquelon, Paule; Bakker, Arnold, & Martin-Krumm, Charles. (2020). Strength use in the workplace: A literature review. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21, 737-764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00095-w

Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL). (2017). Protocolo de vigilancia de riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo. Santiago de Chile: Ministerio de Salud, Gobierno de Chile. https://www.minsal.cl/portal/url/item/e039772356757886e040010165014a72.pdf

Moreno, Bernardo. (2011). Factores y riesgos laborales psicosociales: conceptualización, historia y cambios actuales. Medicina y Seguridad del Trabajo, 57(1), 4-19. https://doi.org/10.4321/S0465-546X2011000500002

Niemiec, Ryan. (2018). Character strengths interventions: A field guide for practitioners. Hogrefe Publishing.

Niemiec, Ryan, & Pearce, Ruth. (2021). The practice of character strengths: Unifying definitions, principles, and exploration of what’s soaring, emerging, and ripe with potential in science and in practice. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(590220), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590220

Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (2022a). Directrices de la OMS sobre salud mental en el trabajo: resumen ejecutivo. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/363173.

Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). (2022b). Informe mundial sobre salud mental: transformar la salud mental para todos. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240049338

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). (2022). The COVID-19 HEalth caRe wOrkErs Study (HEROES). Informe Regional de las Américas. https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/55563/OPSNMHMHCOVID-19220001_spa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Pang, Dandan, & Ruch, Willibald. (2020). Fusing character strengths and mindfulness interventions: Benefits for job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(1). 150-162. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000144

Peláez, María Josefina; Salanova, Marisa, & Martínez, Isabel María. (2020). Coaching-based leadership intervention program: A controlled trial study. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(3066). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03066

Peterson, Christopher, & Seligman, Martin. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford University Press.

Peterson, Christopher; Stephens, John Paul; Park, Nansook; Lee, Fiona, & Seligman, Martin. (2010). Strengths of character and work. In Alex Linley, Susan Harrington & Nicola Garcea (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology and work (pp. 221–231). Oxford University Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-21869-018

Podsakoff, Phillip Michael; MacKenzie, Scott; Lee, Jeong-Yeon, & Podsakoff, Nathan. (2003). Common method biases in be-havioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879

Podsakoff, Phillip Michael; MacKenzie, Scott, & Podsakoff, Nathan. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual review of psychology, 63, 539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452

Proyer, René; Gander, Fabian; Wellenzohn, Sara, & Ruch, Willibald. (2015). Strengths-based positive psychology interventions: A randomized placebo-controlled online trial on long-term effects for a signature strengths- vs. a lesser strengths-intervention. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(22), 456. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00456

Quinlan, Denise; Swain, Nicola, & Vella-Brodrick, Dianne. (2012). Character strengths interventions: Building on what we know for improved outcomes. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(6), 1145-1163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9311-5

Salanova, Marisa; Bresó, Edgar, & Schaufeli, Wilmar Bernard. (2005). Hacia un modelo espiral de las creencias de eficacia en el estudio del burnout y del engagement. Ansiedad y Estrés, 11(2-3), 215-2. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-04150-007

Salanova, Marisa; Llorens, Susana; Acosta, Hedy, & Torrente, Pedro. (2013). Positive Interventions in Positive Organizations. Intervenciones Positivas en Organizaciones Positivas. Terapia Psicológica, 31(1), 101-113. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082013000100010

Salanova, Marisa; Llorens, Susana; Cifre, Eva, & Martínez, Isabel María. (2006). Metodología RED-WoNT. En José Luis Meliá, Clotilde Nogareda, Matilde Lahera, Antonio Duro, José María Peiró, Ramón Pou, Marisa Salanova, Diego Gracia, José María Bona, Juan Carlos Bajo & José Francisco Martínez-Losa (Eds.), Perspectivas de intervención en riesgos psicosociales, evaluación de riesgos. (pp. 131-154). Foment del Treball Nacional.

Salanova, Marisa; Llorens, Susana; Cifre, Eva, & Martínez, Isabel María. (2012). We need a hero! Toward a validation of the HEalthy and Resilient Organization (HERO) Model. Group, & Organization Management, 37(6), 785–822. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601112470405

Salanova, Marisa, & López-Zafra, Esther. (2011). Introducción: Psicología social y psicología positiva. Revista de Psicología Social, 26(3), 339-343. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347411797361248

Schaufeli, Wilmar Bernard; Salanova, Marisa; González-Roma, Vicente, & Bakker, Arnold. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326

Seligman, Martin; Steen, Tracy; Park, Nansook, & Peterson, Christopher. (2005). Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. American psychologist, 60(5), 410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410

Shadish, William Raymond; Cook, Thomas Dixon, & Campbell, Donald Thomas. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Mifflin and Company.

Shultz, Kenneth; Whitney, David, & Zickar, Mike. (2013). Measurement theory in action: Case studies and exercises (2nd. Ed.). Routledge.

Sin, Nancy, & Lyubomirsky, Sonja. (2009). Enhancing well‐being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice‐friendly meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467-487. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593

Sonnentag, Sabine. (2015). Dynamics of wellbeing. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology, 2, 261–293. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111347

Spector, Paul. (2006). Method variance in organizational research: Truth or urban legend? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105284955

Superintendencia de Seguridad Social. (2024). Estadísticas de licencias médicas y subsidios por incapacidad laboral 2023. https://www.suseso.cl/607/w3-article-741922.html

Van Wingerden, Jessica, & Van der Stoep, Joost. (2018). The motivational potential of meaningful work: Relationships with strengths use, work engagement, and performance. PLoS ONE, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197599

Vásquez-Pailaqueo, María Paz; Inostroza-Naranjo, Romina Fernanda, & Acosta-Antognoni, Hedy. (2021). Liderazgo transformacional: su impacto en la confianza organizacional, work engagement y desempeño laboral en trabajadores millennials en Chile. Revista de Psicología, 30(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2021.55066

Vera, María; Rodríguez-Sánchez, Alma María, & Salanova, Marisa. (2017). May the force be with you: Looking for resources that build team resilience. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 32(2), 119-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2017.1329629

Vidal, Manuel Merino. (2017). Estilos de liderazgo en una directora desde la percepción de los docentes de una institución educativa pública de la provincia constitucional del callao [Tesis de maestría, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Perú]. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/9677

Wang, Yangsong; Huang, Jie, & You, Xuqun. (2016). Personal resources influence job demands, resources, and burnout: A one-year, three-wave longitudinal study. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 4(2), 247-258. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.2.247

Wright, Thomas; Cropanzano, Russell, & Bonett, Douglas. (2007). The moderating role of employee positive wellbeing on the relation between job satisfaction and job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(2), 93. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.2.93

Biografía del autor/a

María Vásquez-Pailaqueo, Universidad de Talca

Psicóloga y Magíster en Psicología Social. Mención: Metodología de la Investigación Social, y Candidata a Doctor en Psicología. Universidad de Talca, Chile.

Hedy Acosta-Antognoni, Universidad de Talca

Profesora Asistente de la Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Talca, Chile. Doctor en Psicología del Trabajo y las Organizaciones con mención internacional. Máster en Psicología del Trabajo, de las Organizaciones y en Recursos Humanos con doble mención: Salud Ocupacional y Desarrollo de Recursos Humanos. Universitat Jaume I. España.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.2147

Publicado

2025-08-29

Cómo citar

Vásquez-Pailaqueo, M., & Acosta-Antognoni, H. (2025). Evaluación de la eficacia de una intervención en Fortalezas del Carácter en Centros de Salud Públicos en Chile. Quaderns De Psicologia, 27(2), e2147. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.2147

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Datos de los fondos

Derechos de autor 2025 María Vásquez-Pailaqueo, Hedy Acosta-Antognoni

Creative Commons License

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.