Activisme contra l’estigma: Exploració d’activitats de sensibilització al context sanitari
Resumo
L’estigma que pateixen les persones amb diagnòstics de salut mental és quelcom freqüent dins l’àmbit sanitari. Entitats i campanyes de lluita contra l’estigma han centrat els seus esforços en la disminució de la discriminació en aquest àmbit. La figura de l’activista és fonamental per tal de que les pròpies persones que han experimentat aquest estigma siguin protagonistes d’aquest canvi. El nostre objectiu en aquest estudi ha estat aprofundir en l’experiència que les i els activistes contra l’estigma en salut mental tenen en participar en accions de sensibilització al context sanitari. Hem realitzat una anàlisi temàtica d’entrevistes semiestructurades a cinc activistes. S’han identificat dos blocs temàtics: Estigma i Activisme. El bloc d’Estigma consta dels temes Prejudicis, Conductes discriminatòries i Autoestigma, mentre que el bloc d’Activisme està compost pels temes Efectes positius, Estratègies i Impacte. El present estudi ens ha permès conèixer en profunditat les experiències subjectives d’estigma dins l’àmbit sanitari a través de l’experiència de les persones participants en campanyes per combatre’l i entendre per què l’activisme pot ser una estratègia beneficiosa per sensibilitzar els professionals i per al benestar i apoderament dels propis activistes.
Palavras-chave
Activisme, Anàlisi temàtica, Estigma social, Salut mentalReferências
Andrés-Rodríguez, Laura; Pérez-Aranda, Adrián; Feliu-Soler, Albert; Rubio-Valera, Maria; Aznar-Lou, Ignacio; Serrano-Blanco, Antoni; Juncosa, Miquel; Tosas, Anaïs; Bernadàs, Albert & Luciano, Juan V. (2017). Effectiveness of the “What’s Up!” Intervention to Reduce Stigma and Psychometric Properties of the Youth Program Questionnaire (YPQ): Results from a Cluster Non-randomized Controlled Trial Conducted in Catalan High Schools. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(SEP), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01608
Angermeyer, Matthias C. & Matschinger, Herbert (2005). Labeling - Stereotype - Discrimination: An investigation of the stigma process. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40(5), 391-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0903-4
Aznar-Lou, Ignacio; Serrano-Blanco, Antoni; Fernández, Ana; Luciano, Juan V. & Rubio-Valera, Maria (2015). Attitudes and intended behaviour to mental disorders and associated factors in catalan population, Spain: cross-sectional population-based survey. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 127. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2815-5
Braun, Virginia & Clarke, Victoria. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Corker, Elizabeth; Hamilton, Sarah; Henderson, Claire; Weeks, Craig; Pinfold, Vanessa; Rose, Diana; Williams, Paul; Flach, Clare; Gill, Valdeep; Lewis-Holmes, Elanor & Thornicroft, Graham. (2013). Experiences of discrimination among people Using mental health services in England 2008-2011. British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s55), s58-s63. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.112912
Corrigan, Patrick W. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614-625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
Corrigan, Patrick W.; Druss, Benjamin G. & Perlick, Deborah A. (2014). The Impact of Mental Illness Stigma on Seeking and Participating in Mental Health Care. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 15(2), 37-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614531398
Corrigan, Patrick W.; Kerr, Amy & Knudsen, Lissa (2005). The stigma of mental illness: Explanatory models and methods for change. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 11(3), 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appsy.2005.07.001
Corrigan, Patrick W. & Watson, Amy C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1(1), 16-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946807
Eiroa-Orosa, Francisco José & García-Mieres, Helena (2019). A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Recovery Educational Interventions for Mental Health Professionals. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 46(6), 724-752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-019-00956-9
Eiroa-Orosa, Francisco José & Limiñana-Bravo, Laura (2019). An Instrument to Measure Mental Health Professionals’ Beliefs and Attitudes towards Service Users’ Rights. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(2), 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020244
Eiroa-Orosa, Francisco José & Lomascolo, María (2018). Training mental health activists increases the well-being of participants with high baseline levels of self-stigma: results of the Obertament training evaluation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(6), 617-625. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000376
Eiroa-Orosa, Francisco José; Lomascolo, María & Tosas-Fernández, Anaïs (2021). Efficacy of an Intervention to Reduce Stigma Beliefs and Attitudes among Primary Care and Mental Health Professionals: Two Cluster Randomised-Controlled Trials. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1214. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031214
Gaebel, Wolfgang; Rössler, Wulf & Sartorius, Norman (Eds.) (2017). The Stigma of Mental Illness - End of the Story? Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1
Gerlinger, Gabriel; Hauser, Marta; De Hert, Marc; Lacluyse, Kathleen; Wampers, Martien & Correll, Christoph U. (2013). Personal stigma in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A systematic review of prevalence rates, correlates, impact and interventions. World Psychiatry, 12(2), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20040
Goffman, Erving (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Prentice-Hall.
Goldman, Howard H. & Morrissey, Joseph P. (1985). The alchemy of mental health policy: homelessness and the fourth cycle of reform. American Journal of Public Health, 75(7), 727-731. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.75.7.727
Hayward, Peter & Bright, Jenifer A. (1997). Stigma and mental illness: A review and critique. Journal of Mental Health, 6(4), 345-354. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638239718671
Henderson, Claire; Noblett, Jo; Parke, Hannah; Clement, Sarah; Caffrey, Alison; Gale-Grant, Oliver; Schulze, Beate; Druss, Benjamin & Thornicroft, Graham. (2014). Mental health-related stigma in health care and mental health-care settings. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1(6), 467-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00023-6
Hervey, Nicholas (1986). Advocacy or folly: The Alleged Lunatics’ Friend Society, 1845-63. Medical History, 30(03), 245-275. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300045701
Jenkins, Janis Hunter & Carpenter-Song, Elizabeth A. (2009). Awareness of Stigma Among Persons With Schizophrenia. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197(7), 520-529. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181aad5e9
Krupchanka, Dzmitry & Thornicroft, Graham (2017). Discrimination and Stigma. In Wolfgang Gaebel, Wulf Rössler & Norman Sartorius (Eds.), The Stigma of Mental Illness - End of the Story? (pp. 123-139). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_7
Large, Matthew M.; Ryan, Christopher J.; Nielssen, Olav B. & Hayes, Rachel A. (2008). The danger of dangerousness: why we must remove the dangerousness criterion from our mental health acts. Journal of Medical Ethics, 34(12), 877-881. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2008.025098
Lien, Yin-Yi; Lin, Hui-Shin; Lien, Yin-Ju; Tsai, Chi-Hsuan; Wu, Ting-Ting; Li, Hua & Tu, Yu-Kang (2021). Challenging mental illness stigma in healthcare professionals and students: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Psychology & Health, 36(6), 669-684. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2020.1828413
Link, Bruce G.; Struening, Elmer L.; Neese-Todd, Sheree; Asmussen, Sara; Phelan, Jo C.; Consequences, The; With, People & Illnesses, Mental. (2001). Stigma as a barrier to recovery: The consequences of stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illnesses. Psychiatric Services, 52(12), 1621-1626.
Link, Bruce G. & Stuart, Heather (2017). On Revisiting Some Origins of the Stigma Concept as It Applies to Mental Illnesses. In Wolfgang Gaebel, Wulf Rössler & Norman Sartorius (Eds.), The Stigma of Mental Illness - End of the Story? (pp. 3-28). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_1
Livingston, James D. & Boyd, Jennifer E. (2010). Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 71(12), 2150-2161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.030
Nash, Michael (2013). Diagnostic overshadowing: a potential barrier to physical health care for mental health service users. Mental Health Practice, 17(4), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.7748/mhp2013.12.17.4.22.e862
Obertament (2013). Estrategias de lucha contra el estigma en salud mental. Dossiers Del Tercer Sector, 26, 1-18.
Obertament (2016). L’estigma i la discriminació a la atenció a la salut. https://www.spora.ws/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2016.-Cat.-Estigma-i-Salut.pdf
Ramos Montes, Josep (2021). Paternalismo y autonomismo en la relación de ayuda: una reflexión desde la salud mental. Folia Humanística, 2(4), 1-21.
Renn, Kristen A. (2007). LGBT Student Leaders and Queer Activists: Identities of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Identified College Student Leaders and Activists. Journal of College Student Development, 48(3), 311-330. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2007.0029
Rubio-Valera, Maria; Aznar-Lou, Ignacio; Vives-Collet, Mireia; Fernández, Ana; Gil-Girbau, Montserrat & Serrano-Blanco, Antoni (2018). Reducing the Mental Health-Related Stigma of Social Work Students. Research on Social Work Practice, 28(2), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731516641492
Rubio-Valera, Maria; Fernández, Ana; Evans-Lacko, Sara; Luciano, Juan Vivente; Thornicroft, Graham; Aznar-Lou, Ignacio & Serrano-Blanco, Antoni (2016). Impact of the mass media OBERTAMENT campaign on the levels of stigma among the population of Catalonia, Spain. European Psychiatry, 31, 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.10.005
Sashidharan, Sashi P.; Mezzina, Roberto & Puras, Dainius (2019). Reducing coercion in mental healthcare. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 28(6), 605-612. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796019000350
Saunders, Benjamin; Sim, Julius; Kingstone, Tom; Baker, Shula; Waterfield, Jackie; Bartlam, Bernadette; Burroughs, Heather & Jinks, Clare (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity, 52(4), 1893-1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
Schulze, Beate (2007). Stigma and mental health professionals: A review of the evidence on an intricate relationship. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(2), 137-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701278929
Sheehan, Lindsay; Nieweglowski, Katherine & Corrigan, Patrick W. (2017). Structures and Types of Stigma. In Wolfgang Gaebel, Wulf Rössler & Norman Sartorius (Eds.), The Stigma of Mental Illness - End of the Story? (pp. 43-66). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_3
Vázquez-Barquero, José Luis & García, José (1999). Deinstitutionalization and psychiatric reform in Spain. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 249(3), 128-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004060050077
Publicado
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2024 Francisco José Eiroa-Orosa, Maria Rovira Gimó
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
