Community Violence and Bullying Among Brazilian Adolescent Students
Resumo
This study examined whether adolescent groups—bullies, victims, non-involved, and bully-victims—differ in their perception of community violence. Additionally, we investigated whether victimized adolescents differ in their perceptions compared to those who are not victimized and whether aggressors perceive violence differently from non-aggressors. The sample included 194 students (119 females, 61.3%) with a mean age of 17.46 years. Participants completed questionnaires on sociodemographics, bullying behaviors, and perceptions of community violence. Results showed that victims and perpetrators perceived their communities as more violent than non-involved peers. Victims perceived more proximal violence, and relational bullying victims also perceived distal violence. Notably, only verbal aggressors differed from non-aggressors in their perceptions of violence. The findings suggest that victims and perpetrators view community violence differently, highlighting the importance of considering social contexts. Future research should explore other socialization environments, such as family, friends, and school, to deepen understanding of these dynamics.
Palavras-chave
Bullying, Community, Violence, AdolescentsReferências
Akanni, Oluyemi O.; Olashore, Anthony A.; Osasona, Samuel O., & Uwadiae, Enobakhare. (2020). Predictors of bullying reported by perpetrators in a sample of senior school students in Benin City, Nigeria. The South African Journal of Psychiatry: SAJP: The Journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa, 26, 1359. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v26i0.1359
Ashmore, Richard D.; Kay, Deaux, & McLaughlin-Volpe, Tracy. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130(1), 80–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.80
Azeredo, Catarina M. (2015). Características individuais e contextuais associadas ao bullying entre escolares no Brasil (PhD disertation). Universidade de São Paulo. https://doi.org/10.11606/T.5.2015.tde-23092015-142247
Azeredo, Catarina M.; Marques, Emanuele S.; Okada, Letícia M., & Peres, Maria F. T. (2023). Association between community violence, disorder and school environment with bullying among school adolescents in Sao Paulo - Brazil. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(3-4), 2432–2463. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221101201
Beane, Allan L. (2010). Proteja seu filho do bullying: Impeça que ele maltrate os colegas ou seja maltratado por ele. BestSeller.
Boulton, Michael J. (2013). The effects of victim of bullying reputation on adolescents’ choice of friends: Mediation by fear of becoming a victim of bullying, moderation by victim status, and implications for befriending interventions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114(1), 146–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2012.05.001
Bronfenbrenner, Urie. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
Chang, Jen J.; Chen, John J., & Brownson, Ross C. (2003). The role of repeat victimization in adolescent delinquent behaviors and recidivism. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 32(4), 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1054-139x(02)00564-5
Currie, Candace; Zanotti, Cara; Morgan, Antony; Currie, Dorothy; Looze, Margaretha de; Roberts, Chris; Samdal, Oddrun; Smith, Otto R. F., & Barnekow, Vivian. (2012). Social determinants of health and wellbeing among young people. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.
Davis, Jordan P.; Ingram, Katherine M.; Merrin, Gabriel J., & Espelage, Dorothy L. (2020). Exposure to parental and community violence and the relationship to bullying perpetration and victimization among early adolescents: A parallel process growth mixture latent transition analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61(1), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12493
Dubé, Christine; Gagné, Marie H.; Clément, Marie È., & Chamberland, Claire. (2018). Community violence and associated psychological problems among adolescents in the general population. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11(4), 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-018-0218-8
El-ony, Aml M.; Bahgat, Rahma S., & Farag, Nagafa H. (2023). Perception, attitudes and self esteem regarding bullying among preparatory schools students at Tanta city. Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal, 29(2), 12–31. https://doi.org/10.21608/tsnj.2023.298371
Elsaesser, Caitlin; Hong, Jun S., & Voisin, Dexter R. (2016). Violence exposure and bullying among African American adolescents: Examining the protective role of academic engagement. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 394–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.010
Espelage, Dorothy L.; Bosworth, Kris, & Simon, Thomas R. (2000). Examining the social context of bullying behaviors in early adolescence. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(3), 326–333. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01914.x
Espelage, Dorothy L., & Swearer, Susan M. (Eds.). (2010). A social-ecological model for bullying prevention and intervention: Understanding the impact of adults in the social ecology of youngsters. En Shane R. Jimerson; Susan M. Swearer, & Dorothy L. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 61–72). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203842898
Esposito, Concetta; Spadari, Eleanora M.; Caravita, Simona C. S., & Bacchini, Dario. (2022). Profiles of community violence exposure, moral disengagement, and bullying perpetration: Evidence from a sample of Italian adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9-10), 5887–5913. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211067021
Ferrer, Belén. M.; Ruiz, David. M.; Amador, Luis. V., & Orford, Jim. (2011). School victimization among adolescents: An analysis from an ecological perspective. Psychosocial Intervention, 20(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.5093/in2011v20n2a3
Flannery, Daniel J.; Scholer, Seth J., & Noriega, Ivete. (2023). Bullying and school violence. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 70(6), 1153–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2023.06.014
Fleming, Lila C., & Jacobsen, Kathryn H. (2010). Bullying among middle-school students in low and middle income countries. Health Promotion International, 25(1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dap046
Foster, Holly, & Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne. (2013). Neighborhood, family and individual influences on school physical victimization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(10), 1596–1610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9890-4
Garay, Rosa M. V. (2012). Violencia, victimización y cyberbullying en adolescentes escolarizados/as: Una perspectiva desde el trabajo social [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Pablo de Olavide].
Gomes, Ernandes Barbosa. (2020). Elaboração e evidências de validade e precisão da Escala de Vitimização de Bullying (EVB) [Dissertação de mestrado inédita], Universidade Federal do Piauí.
Hair, Joseph F.; Hult, Tomas M. G.; Ringle, Christian M., & Sarstedt, Marko. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Sage.
Hill, Hope M., & Madhere, Serge. (1996). Exposure to community violence and African American children: A multidimensional model of risks and resources. Journal of Community Psychology, 24(1), 26–43. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199601)24:1%3C26::AID-JCOP3%3E3.0.CO;2-1
Jiménez, Teresa I., & Estévez, Estefánia (2017). School aggression in adolescence: Examining the role of individual, family and school variables. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 17(3), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.07.002
Khoury-Kassabri, Mona; Benbenishty, Rami; Astor, Ron A., & Zeira, Anat. (2004). The contributions of community, family, and school variables to student victimization. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34 (3-4), 187–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-004-7414-4
Kuther, Tara L., & Wallace, Scyatta A. (2003). Community violence and sociomoral development: An African American cultural perspective. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73(2), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.73.2.177
Lee, Jeoung M.; Hong, Jun S.; Resko, Stella M.; Gonzalez-Prendes, Antonio A., & Voisin, Dexter R. (2022). Pathways from exposure to community violence to bullying victimization among African American adolescents in Chicago’s southside. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9453. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159453
Low, Sabina, & Espelage, Dorothy. (2014). Conduits from community violence exposure to peer aggression and victimization: Contributions of parental monitoring, impulsivity, and deviancy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(2), 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035207
Martinez, Pedro, & Richters, John E. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: II. Children’s distress symptoms associated with violence exposure. Psychiatry, 56(1), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1993.11024618
McFarland, Judith M.; Groff, Janet Y.; O’Brien, Jennifer A., & Watson, Kathy. (2003). Behaviors of children who are exposed and not exposed to intimate partner violence: An analysis of 330 black, white, and Hispanic children. Pediatrics, 112, e202. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.112.3.e202
Medeiros, Emerson D. de; Gouveia, Valdiney V.; Monteiro, Renan P.; Silva, Paulo G. N. D.; Lopes, Bruna D. J.; Medeiros, Paloma C. B. D., & Silva, Élido S. D. (2015). Escala de comportamentos de bullying (ECB): Elaboração e evidências psicométricas. Psico-USF, 20(3), 385–397. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712015200302
Modecki, Kathryn L.; Minchin, Jeannie; Harbaugh, Allien G.; Guerra, Nancy G., & Runions, Kevin C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 55(5), 602–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
Olweus, Dan. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Blackwell Publishers.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPAS). (1993). Resolución XIX: Violencia y salud. Opas.
Paxton, Keisha C.; Lavome, Robinson, W.; Shah, Seema, & Schoeny, Michael E. (2004). Psychological distress for African-American adolescent males: Exposure to community violence and social support as factors. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 34(4), 281–295. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CHUD.0000020680.67029.4f
Pinto, Liana W., & Assis, Simone G. D. (2013). Violência familiar e comunitária em escolares do município de São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 16(2), 288–300. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2013000200006
Popp, Ann M. (2012). The effects of exposure, proximity, and capable guardians on the risk of bullying victimization. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 10(4), 315–332. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204011434833
Rettew, David C., & Pawlowski, Sara. (2016). Bullying. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25(2), 235–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2015.12.002
Romera, Eva M.; Bravo, Ana; Ortega-Ruiz, Rosario, & Veenstra, René. (2019). Differences in perceived popularity and social preference between bullying roles and class norms. PLoS ONE, 14(10), e0223499. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223499
Silva, Maria E. B.; Raposo, Jakelline C. S.; Barbosa, Anila T. L.; Menezes, Valdenice; Colares, Viviane; Franca, Carolina, & Godoy, Fabiana. (2023). Association between adolescents who are victims of bullying and weapon possession. Jornal de Pediatria, 99(4), 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2023.01.005
Souza, Ícaro M., & Medeiros, Emerson D. de. (2019, 20 de novembro). Evidências preliminares de validade e precisão da escala de vitimização de bullying (EVB) [Apresentación de congreso]. Seminários Integrados da UFPI, Piauí, Brasil. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337445985_Evidencias_preliminares_de_validade_e_precisao_da_escala_
de_vitimizacao_de_bullying_EVB
Swearer, Susan M.; Espelage, Dorothy L.; Vaillancourt, Tracy, & Hymel, Shelley. (2010). What can be done about school bullying? Linking research to educational practice. Educational Researcher, 39(1), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X09357622
Swearer, Susan M., & Hymel, Shelley. (2015). Understanding the psychology of bullying: Moving toward a social-ecological diathesis-stress model. American Psychologist, 70(4), 344–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038929
Wilson, W. Cody, & Rosenthal, Beth S. (2003). The relationship between exposure to community violence and psychological distress among adolescents: A meta-analysis. Violence and Victims, 18(3), 335–352. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.2003.18.3.335
Publicado
Como Citar
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2025 Sandra Adriana Neves Nunes, Ana Júlia Paulina de Oliveira
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
