Polarização Política e Relações Intergrupais: um estudo das Representações Sociais no Brasil

Autores

Resumo

This research aimed to study left-wing and right-wing groups’ political polarization and their Social Representations (SR) of each other, as well as to investigate the experience of political violence and the belief in a just world (BJW). An online survey was conducted. The left-wing groups used the terms equality, empathy, and justice to describe themselves, while the right-wing groups used freedom, conservatism, and justice. Both groups used negative terms to describe their opponents; left-wingers described right-wingers as selfish, ignorant, and intolerant and right-wingers described left-wingers as corrupt, intolerant, and extremist. Regarding violence, 72% stated that they knew someone who had suffered political violence in the last two years, especially through social media. As for the means on the BJW scale, left-wingers had a lower mean than right-wingers. There are significant differences in SRs and positions between the groups, which may be at the core of violence.

Palavras-chave

Social Psychology, Violence, Social representation, Political polarization

Referências

Abric, Jean-Claude (2003). Abordagem estrutural das representações sociais: desenvolvimentos recentes. In Pedro H. F. Campos & Marcos C. Loureiro (Orgs.), Representações sociais e práticas educativas (pp. 37-57). UCG.

Baltar, Fabiola & Brunet, Ignasi (2012). Social research 2.0: Virtual snowball sampling method using Facebook. Internet Research, 22(1), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662241211199960

Barros, Paulo S. D. A. (2019). Ações e discursos dos governos de esquerda e de direita no Brasil:" O simbolismo dos cem primeiros dias" (Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso inédito). Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/10904

Bobbio, Norberto (2017). Liberalismo e democracia (1a ed., Trad. Marco Aurélio Nogueira). Edipro.

Bobbio, Norberto (2020). Izquierda y derecha. Bajo el volcán, 1(7). http://www.apps.buap.mx/ojs3/index.php/bevol/article/view/1695/1280

Camargo, Brigido V.; Scholösser, Adriano & Giacomozzi, Andréia I. (2018). Aspectos epistemológicos do Paradigma das Representações Sociais. In: Emerson D. Medeiros, Ludgleydson F. Araújo, Maria P. L. Coutinho & Lidiane S. Araújo (Orgs.), Representações Sociais e práticas psicossociais (pp. 47-60). CRV.

Camino, Leôncio F.; Leal, Tatiana. C. A; Silva, Lawerton B. & Silva, Taciana (2019). A Psicologia Política e a conjuntura atual. In Frederico A. Costa & Marcos R. Mesquista (Orgs.), Psicologia Política no Brasil e Enfrentamentos a Processos antidemocráticos (pp. 35-56.) Edufal.

Chauí, Marilena (2019). O que é democracia? In Maria L. G. Lopedote, Daniela S. Mayorca, Dario Negreiros, Macerla A. Gomes & Tadeu Breda (Eds.), Corpos que sofrem: Como lidar com os efeitos psicossociais da violência? (pp 82-101). Elefante.

Costa, André B. S. R. (2019). Origem, causas e consequências da polarização política (Tese de doutorado inédita). Universidade de Brasília. Recuperado de: https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/37008

de Rosa, Annamaria S.; Mannarini, Terri; Gil de Montes, Lorena; Holman, Andrei; Lauri, Mary A.; Negura, Lilian; Giacomozzi, Andréia I.; da Silva Bousfield, Andrea B.; Justo, Ana M.; de Alba, Martha; Seidmann, Susana; Permanadeli, Risa; Sitto, Karabo & Lubinga, Elisabeth (2021). Sense making processes and social representations of covid-19 in multi-voiced public discourse: Illustrative examples of institutional and media communication in ten countries. CPGP, Comm. Psych. Glob. Persp. 7(1), 13-53. https://doi.org/10.1285/I24212113V7I1P13

Deschamps, Jean-Claude & Moliner, Pascal (Eds.) (2009) A identidade em psicologia social: dos processos identitários às representações sociais (Lúcia M. E. Orth, Trad.). Vozes.

Doise, Willem (1992). L’ancrage dans les études sur les représentations sociales. Bulletin de Psychologie, 45(405), 189-195. https://www.persee.fr/doc/bupsy_0007-4403_1992_num_45_405_14126

Furnham, Adrian (2003). Belief in a just world: Research progress over the past decade. Personality and individual differences, 34(5), 795-817. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00072-7

Gerber, Alan S.; Huber, Gregory A.; Biggers, Daniel R. & Hendry, David J. (2017). Why don't people vote in US primary elections? Assessing theoretical explanations for reduced participation. Electoral Studies, 45, 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2016.11.003

Giacomozzi, Andréia I.; Fiorott, Juliana; Bertoldo, Raquel B. & Contarello, A. (in press). Social Representations of political polarization through tradicional media: a study of the Brazilian case between 2015 and 2019. Postdisciplinary Humanities & Social Sciences Quarterly.

Giacomozzi, Andréia I.; Bousfield, Andrea B. S.; Fiorott, Juliana G.; Leandro, Maiara & Silveira, Anderson (2020). Social representations of traffic violence and related psychosocial aspects. Saúde e Pesquisa, 3(1), 193-204. https://doi.org/10.17765/2176-9206.2020v13n1p193-204

Giacomozzi, Andreia I.; Castro, Amanda; Barbará, Andrea B. S.; Nunes, Priscila P. & Xavier, Marlon (2021). Social Representations of Violence among Public School Students. In Clarilza P. Sousa & Serena E. S. Oswald (Eds.), Social Representations for the Anthropocene: Latin American Perspectives (pp. 325-337). Springer, Cham.

Giacomozzi, Andreia I.; Rozendo, Adriano; Bousfield, Andrea B. S.; Leandro, Maiara; Fiorott, Juliana G. & Silveira, Anderson (2022). COVID-19 and Elderly Females - a Study of Social Representations in Brazil. Trends in Psychology, 2022, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-021-00089-9

Gomes, Marcela A.; Lima, Alessandra; Guerra, Ana S.; Corrêa, Bruna; Nascimento, Vitória N. & Favaretto, Valésia (2019). Como lidar com os efeitos psicossociais da violência? O curso de capacitação como um dispositivo clínico e político. In Maria L. Lopedote, Daniela S. Mayorca, Dario Negreiros, Marcela A. Gomes, Tompas Tancredi & Tadeu Breda (Eds.), Corpos que sofrem: Como lidar com os efeitos psicossociais da violência? (pp. 54-68). Elefante.

Gouveia, Valdiney V.; Pimentel, Carlos E. P; Miranda Coelho, Jorge A. P.; Maynart, Viviane A. P. & dos Santos Mendonça, Tamara (2010). Validade fatorial confirmatória e consistência interna da Escala Global de Crenças no Mundo Justo–GJWS. Interação em Psicologia, 14(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/psi.v14i1.12687

Iyengar, Shanto; Lelkes, Yphtach; Levendusky, Matthew; Malhotra, Neil & Westwood, Sean J. (2019). The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 129-146. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034

Jodelet, Denise. (2001). Representações sociais: um domínio em expansão. In D. Jodelet (Org.), As representações sociais (pp. 17-41). UDUERJ.

Jost, John T. (2017). Asymmetries abound: Ideological differences in emotion, partisanship, motivated reasoning, social network structure, and political trust. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 27(4), 546-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2017.08.004

Justo, Ana M.; Bousfield, Andrea B. S; Giacomozzi, Andreia I. & Camargo, Brigido V. (2020). Communication, social representations and prevention-information polarization on COVID-19 in Brazil. Papers on Social Representations, 29(2), 4-1. https://psr.iscte-iul.pt/index.php/PSR/article/view/533

Koteyko, Nelya; Jaspal, Rusi & Nerlich, Brigitte (2013). Climate change and ‘climategate’ in online reader comments: A mixed methods study: Climate change and ‘climategate’ in online reader comments. The Geographical Journal, 179(1), 74-86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2012.00479.x

Lerner, Melvin J. (1998). The two forms of belief in a just world. In Leo Montada & Melvin J. Lerner (Orgs.), Responses to victimizations and belief in a just world (pp. 247-269). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6418-5_13

Maes, Jürgen (1998). Immanent justice and ultimate justice. In Leo Montada & Melvin J. Lerner (Orgs), Responses to victimizations and belief in a just world (pp. 9-40). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6418-5_13

Mariano, Matheus B. A. (2019). A relação entre perfil de liderança política e governabilidade: um estudo do caso dos ex-presidentes dos governos do PT. Caderno Virtual, 2(43). https://www.portaldeperiodicos.idp.edu.br/cadernovirtual/article/view/3454/1612

Martín-Baró, Ignacio (1988). La violência politica y la guerra como causas del trauma psicosocial en El Salvador. Revista de Psicología de El Salvador, 7(28),123-141. http://www.uca.edu.sv/coleccion-digital-IMB/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/1988-La-violencia-pol%C3%ADtica-y-la-guerra-como-causas-del-trauma-RP1988-7-28-123_141.pdf

Martín-Baró, Ignacio (2000). Guerra y trauma psicosocial del niño salvadoreño. In Ignacio Martín-Baró (Org.), Psicología social de la guerra (pp. 234-247). UCA Editores.

Moscovici, Serge (1981). L’Age des Foules [The Age of the Crowds]. Librairie Arthème Fayard.

Moscovici, Serge (2011). An essay on social representations and ethnic minorities. Social Science Information, 50(3-4), 442-461. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018411411027

Newman, Nic; Fletcher, Richard; Kalogeropoulos, Antonis & Nielsen, Rasmus K. (2019). Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:18c8f2eb-f616-481a-9dff-2a479b2801d0/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=reuters_institute_digital_news_report_2019.pdf&type_of_work=Report

Pereira, Marcos E.; Fagundes, Ana L. M.; da Silva, Joice F. & Takei, Roberta (2003). Os estereótipos e o viés lingüístico intergrupal. Interação em Psicologia, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.5380/psi.v7i1.3215

Pimentel, Carlos E.; Gouveia, Valdiney V.; Diniz, Pollyane K.; Saenz, Daniele P.; Santos, Alessandra M. V. & Vieira, Igor S. (2010). Evidências de validade de construto e precisão da Escala Geral do Mundo Justo. Boletim de Psicologia, 60(133), 167-180. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0006-59432010000200004&lng=pt&tlng=pt

PNAD/IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Pesquisa Anual por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNAD-Contínua) (2019). PNAD Contínua 2018: educação avança no país, mas desigualdades raciais e por região persistem. Autor. https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-sala-de-imprensa/2013-agencia-de-noticias/releases/24857-pnad-continua-2018-educacao-avanca-no-pais-mas-desigualdades-raciais-e-por-regiao-persistem

Ratinaud, Pierre & Marchand, Pascal (2015). Des mondes lexicaux aux représentations sociales. Une première approche des thématiques dans les débats à l’Assemblée nationale (1998-2014). Mots. Les langages du politique, 108, 57-77. https://doi.org/10.4000/mots.22006

Rodrigues, Aroldo; Assmar, Eveline M. L. & Jablonski, Bernado (2015). Psicologia Social. Vozes.

Rossi, Amanda; Carneiro, Julia D. & Gragnani, Juliana (2018, September 30). EleNão: A manifestação histórica liderada por mulheres no Brasil vista por quatro ângulos. BBC News Brasil. https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-45700013

Rouquette, Michel-Louis (1998). Representações e práticas sociais: alguns elementos teóricos. In Antônia S. P. Moreira & Denize C. de Oliveira (Orgs.), Estudos interdisciplinares de representação social (pp. 39-46). AB Editora.

Tajfel, Henry (1981). Human groups and social categories: Studies in social psychology. Cup Archive.

Vitali, Marieli; Presotto, Gabrielle; Gizzi, Flávia; Gomes, Marcela A. & Giacomozzi, Andréia I. (2021). #BlackLivesMatter: A study of social representations from Twitter. Community Psychology In Global Perspective, 8(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1285/I24212113V8I1P1

Vitali, Marieli; Giacomozzi, Andréia I.; Bousfield, Andrea B. S. & Vidal, Gabriela (2022). "Attacked me in several ways, just didn't hit me": Social representations of violence among people in psychological distress. Community Psychology In Global Perspective, 8(2), 37-58. https://doi.org/10.1285/I24212113V8I2P37

Wachelke, João; Wolter, Rafael & Rodrigues, Fabíola M. (2016). Efeito do tamanho da amostra na análise de evocações para representações sociais. Liberabit, 22(2), 153-160. http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1729-48272016000200003&lng=es&tlng=pt

Wisneski, Daniel C. & Skitka, Linda J. (2017). Moralization through moral shock: Exploring emotional antecedents to moral conviction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(2), 139-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216676479

Biografia do Autor

Andréia Isabel Giacomozzi, Federal University of Santa Catarina

Ph.D. Professor at the Postgraduate Program of Psychology (PPGP) and at the Department of Psychology of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, member of the Laboratory of Social Psychology of Communication and Cognition (LACCOS), Brazil.

Amanda Christine Albuquerque Tavares, Federal University of Santa Catarina

Psychologist by Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Anderson da Silveira, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

Master in Psychology by the Postgraduate Program of Psychology (PPGP) and member of the Laboratory of Social Psychology of Communication and Cognition (LACCOS), Brazil.

Ana Maria Justo, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

Ph.D. Professor at the Postgraduate Program of Psychology (PPGP) and at the Department of Psychology of the Federal University of Santa Catarina,  member of the Laboratory of Social Psychology of Communication and Cognition (LACCOS), Brazil.

Publicado

2022-12-30

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.