Spanish Adaptation of the Coach-Athlete Attachment Scale (Sp-CAAS)
Resumo
The Coach-Athlete Attachment Scale (CAAS) is a sport-specific self-report instrument designed to assess athletes’ attachment styles toward their coach. This study aimed to validate the Spanish version (Sp-CAAS) using a sample of 301 football players from Fundació Albinegra (Castellón). Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported a trifactorial structure with good model fit. Longitudinal measurement invariance indicated that the factor structure remained stable over time. Intraclass correlation coefficients showed strong test-retest reliability. Additionally, the three subscales—avoidant, anxious, and secure—demonstrated high internal consistency.
Overall, the findings suggest that the Sp-CAAS has solid psychometric properties and is suitable for use within the Spanish-speaking scientific community. Nevertheless, further research is needed to confirm its content validity and to examine its applicability across diverse Spanish-speaking populations.
Palavras-chave
Attachment, Coach-Athlete, Football, Questionnaires, PsychometricsReferências
Ainsworth, Mary; Blehar, Mary; Waters, Everett, & Wall, Sally. (1978). Patterns of attachment: Assessed in the strange situation and at home. Erlbaum.
Bastık, Canan, & Gümüşdağ, Hayrettin. (2022). Investigation of attachment styles and levels of athletes in different branches to their coaches. Journal of Educational Issues, 8(3), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v8i3.20110
Bowlby, John. (1977). The making and breaking of affectional bonds: 1. Aetiology and psychopathology in the light of attachment theory. British Journal of Psychiatry, 130(3), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.130.3.201
Brennan, Kelly; Clark, Catherine, & Shaver, Philip. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult romantic attachment: An integrative overview. In Steven Rholes, & Jeffry Simpson (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). Guilford Press.
Caruzzo, Nayara; Vissoci, Joao; Contreira, Andressa; Caruzzo, Aryelle, & Fiorese, Lenamar. (2021). Leadership, mental toughness, and attachment relationship in the World Beach Volleyball context. Sustainability, 13(19), 10748. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910748
Chen, Fang. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
Cheung, Gordon, & Rensvold, Roger. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
Davis, Louise; Brown, David J.; Arnold, Rachel, & Gustafsson, Henrik. (2021). Thriving through relationships in sport: The role of the parent-athlete and coach-athlete attachment relationship. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 694599. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694599
Davis, Louise, & Carr, Sam. (2024). Applying attachment theory to the study of relationships in sport. In Louise Davis, Richard Keegan, & Sophia Jowett (Eds.), Social Psychology in Sport (2nd ed. pp. 33–48). Human Kinetics.
Davis, Louise, & Jowett, Sophia. (2010). Investigating the interpersonal dynamics between coaches and athletes based on fundamental principles of attachment theory. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(2), 112–132. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.2.112
Davis, Louise, & Jowett, Sophia. (2013). Attachment styles within the coach-athlete dyad: Preliminary investigation and assessment development. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 7(2), 120–145. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.7.2.120
Davis, Louise; Jowett, Sophia; Sörman, Daniel, & Ekelund, Rebecka. (2022). The role of quality relationships and communication strategies for the fulfilment of secure and insecure athletes’ basic psychological needs. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(21), 2424–2436. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2162240
De Francisco, Cristina; Parra-Plaza, Francisco, & Vílchez, Pilar. (2020). Basic psychological needs in Spanish athletes: Validation of the “Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale”. Apunts. Educación Física y Deportes, 141(3), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2020/3).141.02
Eberhard, David; Simons, Gary, & Fennig, Charles. (2022). Summary by language size. Ethnologue. SIL International.
Fraley, Chris; Brumbaugh, Claudia, & Marks, Michael. (2005). The evolution and function of adult attachment: A comparative and phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(5), 731–746. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.751
Gerbing, David, & Anderson, James. (1984). On the meaning of within-factor correlated measurement errors. Journal of Consumer Research, 11(1), 572–580. https://doi.org/10.1086/208993
Green, Samuel, & Yang, Yanyun. (2015). Evaluation of dimensionality in the assessment of internal consistency reliability: Coefficient alpha and omega coefficients. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 34(4), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/emip.12100
Harzing, Anne. (2006). Response styles in cross-national survey research: A 26-country study. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 6(2), 243–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595806066332
Hernández, Ana; Hidalgo, Dolores; Hambleton, Ronald, & Gómez-Benito, Juana. (2020). International Test Commission guidelines for test adaptation: A criterion checklist. Psicothema, 32(3), 390–398. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.306
Hu, Li, & Bentler, Peter. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
IBM Corp. (2020). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 27.0.) [Computer software].
Jowett, Sophia, & Cockerill, Ian. (2003). Olympic medalists’ perspective of the coach-athlete relationship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(4), 313–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00011-0
Jowett, Sophia, & Ntoumanis, Nikos. (2004). The Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q): Development and initial validation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 14(4), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00338.x
Justo-Núñez, Miranda; Morris, Lydia, & Berry, Katherine. (2022). Self‐report measures of secure attachment in adulthood: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 29(6), 1812–1842. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2756
Kline, Rex. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford.
Little, Todd. (2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
Mardia, Kantilal. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
Martínez-Andrés, María; Bartolomé-Gutiérrez, Raquel; Rodríguez-Martín, Beatriz; Pardo-Guijarro, Maria, & Martínez-Vizcaíno, Vicente. (2017). “Football is a boys’ game”: Children’s perceptions about barriers for physical activity during recess time. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 12(sup2), 1379338. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2017.1379338
Mikulincer, Mario, & Shaver, Philip. (2013). Adult attachment and happiness: Individual differences in the experience and consequences of positive emotions. In Susan David, Ilona Boniwell, & Amanda Conley Ayers (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of happiness (pp. 834–846). Oxford University Press.
Millsap, Roger, & Cham, Heining. (2012). Investigating factorial invariance in longitudinal data. In Brett Laursen, Todd Little, & Noel Card (Eds.), Handbook of developmental research methods (pp. 109–126). The Guilford Press.
Ministry of Education. (2024). Yearbook of Sports Statistics 2024. Ministry of Education.
Newsom, Jason. (2015). Longitudinal structural equation modeling: A comprehensive introduction. Routledge.
Ng, Johan; Lonsdale, Chris, & Hodge, Ken. (2011). The Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale (BNSSS): Instrument development and initial validity evidence. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(3), 257–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.10.006
Peng, Jiaxi; Zhang, Jiaxi; Zhao, Luming; Fang, Peng, & Shao, Yongcong. (2020). Coach-Athlete attachment and the subjective well-being of athletes: A multiple-mediation model analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4675. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134675
R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
Sanz-Fernández, Cristina; Alonso-Arbiol, Itziar, & Pérez-Albéniz, Alicia. (2023). The Coach-Athlete Relationship: Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the CART-Q. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 23(89), 184–198. https://doi.org/10.15366/rimcafd2022.89.013
Taber, Keith. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(1), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
Valls-Barberá, María, & Magallares, Alejandro. (2025). Influencia de los Estilos de Apego en el deportista de competición: Una Revisión Sistemática PRISMA. Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte y al Ejercicio Físico, 10(1), Article e6. https://doi.org/10.5093/rpadef2025a6
Wilkinson, Ross. (2008). Development and properties of the adolescent friendship attachment scale. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(10), 1270–1279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9141-7
Publicado
Como Citar
Downloads
Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Valls, Alejandro Magallares Sanjuan, Patria Recio, Louise Davis
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
