La articulación del racismo y la homofobia en los valores de la población europea
Resum
Racismo y homofobia representan dos grandes desafíos para las sociedades contemporáneas. El síndrome de enemistad grupal (SEG) y el homonacionalismo representan dos conceptos, aparentemente opuestos, para la comprensión de la relación entre racismo y homofobia. En este artículo analizamos esta relación en los valores de la población de Austria, Francia, España y Holanda, a partir de los datos de la European Values Study 2017. Empleamos el método de la tipología estructural y articulada, con análisis de correspondencias y un análisis de clasificación. Nuestros resultados confirman parcialmente la adecuación, tanto del SEG como del homonacionalismo, para explicar la relación entre el racismo y la homofobia. Por un lado, el racismo resultó más elevado que la homofobia en todos los grupos. Por el otro, obtuvimos un grupo moderadamente racista y poco homófobo, otro racista y homófobo y sólo en un grupo muy minoritario se visualizaron tendencias hacia una sociedad genuinamente inclusiva.
Paraules clau
Racismo, Homofobia, Homonacionalismo, Group-Focused EnmityReferències
Adam, Barry D. (1998). Theorizing Homophobia. Sexualities, 1(4), 387-404. https://doi.org/10.1177/136346098001004001
Alcaide Lozano, Vanessa; Fachelli, Sandra & López-Roldán, Pedro (2020). The Typological Paragon: A Methodological Proposal of Mixed Designs. BMS Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/ Bulletin de Methodologie Sociologique, 141(1), 64-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0759106318813293
Alday-Mondaca, Carolina & Lay-Lisboa, Siu (2021). Política, orgullo y rebeldía: Tácticas para disputar derechos. Diversidades sexuales y parentalidad. Quaderns de Psicologia, 23(1), e1671. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1671
Allport, Gordon (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Perseus Books.
Bacchetta, Paola & Haritaworn, Jin (2011). Transatlantic Conversations: Feminism as Travelling Theory. Routlege.
Beierlein, Constanze; Kuntz, Anabel & Davidov, Eldad (2016). Universalism, conservation and attitudes toward minority groups. Social Science Research, 58, 68-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.02.002
Bhambra, Gurminder K. (2010). Sociology after postcolonialism: Provincialized cosmopolitanisms and connected sociologies. In Manuela Boatcă, Sergio Costa & Encarnación Gutiérrez-Rodríguez (Ed.), Decolonizing European Sociology: Transdisciplinary Approaches (pp. 33-47). Ashgate.
Bhambra, Gurminder K. (2014). Postcolonial and decolonial dialogues. Postcolonial Studies, 17(2), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2014.966414
Biglia, Barbara & Cagliero, Sara (2019). Abordajes y ‘respuestas’ de las universidades catalanas frente a las violencias LGTBIQ+ fóbicas. Quaderns de psicologia, 21(2), e1532. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1532
Bizumic, Boris & Duckitt, John (2012). What Is and Is Not Ethnocentrism? A Conceptual Analysis and Political Implications. Political Psychology, 33(6), 887-909. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00907.x
Bracke, Sarah (2012). From “saving women” to “saving gays”: Rescue narratives and their dis/continuities. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 19(2), 237-252. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506811435032
Browne, Kath & Nash, Catherine J. (2010). Queer Methods and Methodologies: an introduction. In Kath Browne & Catherine J. Nash (Ed.), Queer Methods and Methodologies: Intersecting Queer Theories and Social Science Research (pp. 1-24). Taylor and Francis.
Burawoy, Michael (2005). The critical turn to public sociology. Critical Sociology, 31(3), 313-326. https://doi.org/10.1163/1569163053946291
Cea D’Ancona, M. Ángeles (2009). La compleja detección del racismo y la xenofobia a través de encuesta. Un paso adelante en su medición. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 125(1), 13-45. https://doi.org/10.2307/40184918
Cea D’Ancona, M. Ángeles (2015). Immigration as a threat: Explaining the changing pattern of xenophobia in Spain. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 17(2), 569-591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-015-0415-3
Chávez Molina, Eduardo & Vergés Bosch, Núria (2019). La bolsonarización de España. BORDES, 12, 45-53.
Crenshaw, Kimberlé (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 139(1), 139-167.
Cruells, Marta & Coll-Planas, Gerard (2013). Challenging equality policies: The emerging LGBT perspective. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 20(2), 122-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506812460630
Dhoest, Alexander (2020). LGBTs In, Muslims Out: Homonationalist Discourses and Counterdiscourses in the Flemish Press. International Journal of Communication, 14, 155-175.
Domínguez Amorós, Màrius & Simó Solsona, Monteserrat (2003). Tècniques d’investigació social quantitatives. Edicions Universitat de Barcelona.
Eigenmann, Laura (2021). “This Is a Union of Values”: The Rise of the LGBTI Rights Norm as Part of the EU’s Identity Construction. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 29(1), 95-117. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxab028
EVS (2020). European Values Study 2017: Integrated Dataset (EVS 2017). GESIS Datenarchiv, Köln. ZA7500 Datenfile Version 4.0.0, https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13560
Fachelli, Sandra (2013). ¿La crisis aumenta las diferencias entre estratos sociales? La medición del cambio social en Argentina. Empiria, 25, 13-45. https://doi.org/10.5944/empiria.25.2013.3796
Fernández García, Daniel Ahmed (2018). Queered islamophobia and queer muslim forms of resistance in times of homonationalism. Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos, 24, 71-88. https://doi.org/10.15366/reim2018.24.005
Fraïssé, Christèle & Barrientos, Jaime (2016). The concept of homophobia: A psychosocial perspective. Sexologies, 25(4), 65-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sexol.2016.02.002
Freude, Leon & Vergés Bosch, Núria (2020). Homonationalism in Europe? A Quantitative Comparison of the Values of Europeans. Sexuality and Culture, 24(5), 1292-1314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-019-09683-7
Freude, Leon & Waites, Matthew (2022). Analysing homophobia, xenophobia and sexual nationalisms in Africa: Comparing quantitative attitudes data to reveal societal differences. Current Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921221078045
Geulen, Christian (2007). Geschichte des Rassismus. CH Beck. https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406623806
Habermas, Jürgen (2018). Die Moderne — ein unvollendetes Projekt. In Wolfgang Welsch (Ed.), Wege aus der Moderne (p. 177-192). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783050071374-015
Heitmeyer, Wilhelm (2010a). Deutsche Zustände. Folge 8. Suhrkamp.
Heitmeyer, Wilhelm (2010b). Deutsche Zustände. Folge 9. Suhrkamp.
Hekma, Gert (2016). Queer in the Netherlands: Pro-Gay and Anti-Sex - Sexual politics at a turning point. In Robert Gillett & Lisa Downing (Ed.), Queer in Europe: Contemporary Case Studies (n. p). Routledge.
Jivraj, Suhraiya & de Jong, Anisa (2011). The Dutch Homo-Emancipation Policy and its Silencing Effects on Queer Muslims. Feminist Legal Studies, 19, 143-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-011-9182-5
Lajevardi, Nazita & Oskooii, Kassra A. R. (2018). Old-fashioned racism, contemporary islamophobia, and the isolation of Muslim Americans in the age of trump. Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Politics, 3(1), 112-152. https://doi.org/10.1017/rep.2017.37
Lazar, Michelle M. (2017). Homonationalist discourse as a politics of pragmatic resistance in Singapore’s Pink Dot movement: Towards a southern praxis. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 21(3), 420-441. https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12239
Lee, Po-Han (2016). LGBT rights versus Asian values: de/re-constructing the universality of human rights. The International Journal of Human Rights, 20(7), 978-992. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2016.1192537
López Clavel, Pau (2015). Tres debates sobre la homonormativización de las identidades gay y lesbiana. Asparkía. Investigació Feminista, 26, 137-153.
López Roldán, Pedro (1996). La construcción de tipologías: metodología de análisis. Papers. Revista de Sociologia, 48, 9-29. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.1811
López-Roldán, Pedro & Fachelli, Sandra (2015). Metodología De La Investigación Social Cuantitativa. Editorial UAB.
Mepschen, Paul (2016). Sexual democracy, cultural alterity and the politics of everyday life in Amsterdam. Patterns of Prejudice, 50(2), 150-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2016.1164426
de Oliveira, Marcela Bruna & Pinheiro Barbosa, Lia (2021). Lesbofobia, Homofobia, Bifobia e Transfobia no contexto escolar de Crateús e Sertão dos Inhamuns. Revista de Ciências Sociais: RCS, 52(3), 25-63. https://doi.org/10.36517/rcs.52.3.d02
Puar, Jasbir K. (2007). Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in queer times. Duke University Press.
Puar, Jasbir K. (2013). Rethinking Homonationalism. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 45(2), 336–339. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002074381300007X
Ramalho, Ana Catarina (2020). Gender and sexualities in the European far-right political discourse. Tesis doctoral sin publicar, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa.
Rodó-Zárate, Maria & Jorba, Marta (2022). Metaphors of intersectionality: Reframing the debate with a new proposal. European Journal of Women’s Studies, 29(1), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506820930734
Rodríguez Maeso, Sílvia (2018). ‘Europe’ and the narrative of the ‘True Racist’: (Un-) thinking anti-discrimination law through race. Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 8(6), 845-873. https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-0974
Sadurní Balcells, Núria & Pujol Tarrés, Joan (2015). Homonacionalismo en Cataluña: Una visión desde el activismo LGTBI. Universitas Psychologica, 14(5), 1809-1819. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy14-5.hcva
Schotten, C. Heike (2016). Homonationalism: FROM CRITIQUE TO DIAGNOSIS, OR, WE ARE ALL HOMONATIONAL NOW. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 18(3), 351-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2015.1103061
Schwandt, Michael (2010). Kritische Theorie: eine Einführung. Schmetterling Verlag.
Seikkula, Minna (2019). Adapting to post-racialism? Definitions of racism in non-governmental organization advocacy that mainstreams anti-racism. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(1), 95-109.
Solana, Mariela (2017). El debate sobre los orígenes de la homosexualidad masculina. Una revisión de la distinción entre esencialismo y construccionismo en historia de la sexualidad. Tópicos, Revista de Filosofía, 54, 395-427. https://doi.org/10.21555/top.v0i54.834
Spierings, Niels (2020). Homonationalism and Voting for the Populist Radical Right: Addressing Unanswered Questions by Zooming in on the Dutch Case. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 33(1), 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edaa005
Takács, Judit & Szalma, Ivett (2013). How To Measure Homophobia in an International Comparison? Družboslovne Razprave, 29(73), 11-42.
Takács, Judit, & Szalma, Ivett (2020). Democracy deficit and homophobic divergence in 21st century Europe. Gender, Place and Culture, 27(4), 459-478. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2018.1563523
Treat, John Whittier (2015). The rise and fall of homonationalism in Singapore. positions: east asia cultures critique, 23(2), 349-365. https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847-2861026
Turnbull-Dugarte, Stuart J.; Rama, José & Santana, Andrés (2020). The Baskerville’s dog suddenly started barking: voting for VOX in the 2019 Spanish general elections. Political Research Exchange, 2(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/2474736x.2020.1781543
Van Klinken, Adriaan (2014). Homosexuality, politics and pentecostal nationalism in Zambia. Studies in World Christianity, 20(3), 259-281. https://doi.org/10.3366/swc.2014.0095
Waites, Matthew (2020). Global Sexualities: Towards a Reconciliation between Decolonial Analysis and Human Rights. In Davy Zowie, Ana Cristina Santos, Chiara Bertone, Ryan Thoreson & Saskia E. Wieringa (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Global Sexualities (pp. 33-56). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529714364.n2
Yılmaz-Günay, Koray & Wolter, Salih Alexander (2013). Pink Washing Germany? Der deutsche Homonationalismus und die» jüdische Karte «.In Duygu Gürsel, Zülfukar Çetin, Allmende e. V.(Eds..), Wer MACHT Demokratie – Kritische Beiträge zu Migration und Machtverthältnissen (pp. 60-75). Edition assemblage y kritik_praxis.
Zahed, Ludovic-Mohamed (2019). Homosexuality, Transidentity, and Islam. Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvsrwbw9.15
Zanghellini, Aleardo (2012). Are gay rights Islamophobic? A critique of some uses of the concept of homonationalism in activism and academia. Social & Legal Studies, 21(3), 357-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663911435282
Zick, Andreas; Wolf, Carina; Küpper, Beate; Davidov, Eldad; Schmidt, Peter & Heitmeyer, Wilhelm (2008). The syndrome of group-focused enmity: The interrelation of prejudices tested with multiple cross-sectional and panel data. Journal of Social Issues, 64(2), 363-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00566
Zick, Andreas; Küpper, Beate & Wolf, Hinna (2009). European conditions. Findings of a study on group-focused enmity in Europe. Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, University of Bielefeld. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwivpPOOmuv2AhVOOBoKHcM6B8QQFnoECAUQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambitia.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F02%2F1%2520Group-focused%2520Enmity%2520in%2520Europe%2520-%2520study.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0kQLbRsLoJySXzDrsJlXaZ
Publicades
Descàrregues
Drets d'autor (c) 2022 Leon Freude, Núria Vergés
Aquesta obra està sota una llicència internacional Creative Commons Reconeixement 4.0.
