El orgullo moral: Investigación básica e implicaciones educativas
Resumen
El orgullo moral es una emoción que desempeña un importante papel en el ámbito moral, pero que apenas ha recibido atención. En este artículo se realiza una revisión de cinco estudios sobre esta emoción, con importantes implicaciones educativas. Los dos primeros se centran en los beneficios motivacionales del orgullo moral. Los otros tres analizan algunos elementos que pueden socavarlo. Tras la revisión, se reflexiona sobre las implicaciones educativas de los estudios citados. A este respecto se señala, por un lado, la conveniencia de estimular el desarrollo de esta emoción en la educación moral y, por otro, la necesidad de preparar a los niños y las niñas para vencer los factores que juegan en contra de la misma, muy en particular, para que sepan sustraerse a la influencia, a menudo negativa, del grupo.
Palabras clave
Educación, Emociones, Orgullo moral, Conducta prosocialCitas
Alfano, Mark (2016). Moral Psychology: An introduction. Polity Press.
Allen, Joseph P.; Porter, Maryfrances R.; McFarland, F. Christy; Marsh, Penny & McElhaney, Kathleen Boykin (2005). The two faces of adolescents’ success with peers: Adolescent popularity, social adaptation, and deviant behavior. Child Development, 76(3), 747-760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00875.x
Asch, Solomon E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. En Harold Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership, and men: Research in human relations (pp. 177-190). Carnegie Press.
Benedict, Ruth (1946). The chrysanthenum and the sword. Houghton Mifflin.
Berndt, Thomas J. (1979). Developmental changes in conformity to peers and parents. Developmental Psychology, 15(6), 608-616. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.15.6.608
Boezeman, Edwin J. & Ellemers, Naomi (2008). Pride and respect in volunteers' organizational commitment. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 159-172. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.415
Brown, B. Bradford (2004). Adolescents' relationships with peer. En Richard M. Lerner & Laurence Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology (2ª ed., pp. 363-394). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780471726746.ch12
Bryant, Brenda K. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development, 53(2), 413-425. https://doi.org/10.2307/1128984
Carver, Charles S.; Sinclair, Sungchoon & Johnson, Sheri L. (2010). Authentic and hubristic pride: Differential relations to aspects of goal regulation, affect, and self-control. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(6), 698-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.09.004
Conejero, Susana; Apodaca, Pedro; Pascual, Aitziber; Etxebarria, Itziar & Ortiz, María-José (2020). Moral pride only under the positive gaze of others? Effects of praise and criticism on moral pride and guilt. Revista de Psicología Social, 34(2), 439-478. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2019.1639341
Del Barrio, Victoria; Aluja, Anton & García, Luis F. (2004). Bryant’s Empathy Index for Children and Adolescents: Psychometric properties in the Spanish language. Psychological Reports, 95(1), 257-262. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.1.257-262
Eisenberg, Nancy (1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition and behavior. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Eisenberg, Nancy; Spinrad, Tracy L. & Knafo-Noam, Ariel (2015). Prosocial development. En Michael E. Lamb & Richard M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science: Socioemotional processes (pp. 610-656). John Wiley & Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy315
Eisenberg, Nancy & Strayer, Janet (1987). Empathy and its development. Cambridge University Press.
Etxebarria, Itziar (1999). Desarrollo moral. En Félix López, Itziar Etxebarria, María Jesús Fuentes & María José Ortiz (Coord.), Desarrollo afectivo y social (pp.181-209). Pirámide.
Etxebarria, Itziar (2000). Guilt: An emotion under suspicion. Psicothema, 12(Supl.1), 101-108.
Etxebarria, Itziar (2008a). La empatía y su contribución a los valores y la conducta cívico-moral. En Alberto Acosta (Dir.), Educación emocional y convivencia en el aula (pp. 85-113). Secretaría General Técnica del Ministerio de Educación, Política Social y Deporte.
Etxebarria, Itziar (2008b). Emociones sociales. En Francesc Palmero & Francisco Martínez Sánchez (Coors.), Motivación y emoción (pp. 275-314). McGraw-Hill.
Etxebarria, Itziar (2009). Las emociones autoconscientes positivas: el orgullo. En Enrique G. Fernández-Abascal (Ed.), Emociones positivas (pp. 167-180). Pirámide.
Etxebarria, Itziar (2020). Las emociones y el mundo moral. Más allá de la empatía. Síntesis.
Etxebarria, Itziar; Ortiz, María José; Apodaca, Pedro; Pascual, Aitziber & Conejero, Susana (2014). Antecedents of moral pride: The harder the action, the greater the pride? Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, e52, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2014.56
Etxebarria, Itziar; Ortiz, María José; Apodaca, Pedro; Pascual, Aitziber & Conejero, Susana (2015). Pride as moral motive: Moral pride and prosocial behavior. Infancia y Aprendizaje, 38(4), 760-774. https://doi.org/10.1080/02103702.2015.1076267
Fischer, Agneta H. (1995). Emotion concepts as a function of gender. En James A. Russell, José Miguel Fernandez-Dols, Antony S. R. Manstead & Jane C. Wellenkamp (Eds.), Everyday concepts of emotions (pp. 457-474). Kluwer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8484-5_26
Freud, Sigmund (1930/2002). Civilization and its discontents. Penguin.
Garaigordobil, Maite & Pérez, José Ignacio (2005). Escala de personalidad creadora: Estudio psicométrico y exploratorio. Estudios de Psicología, 26(3), 345-364. https://doi.org/10.1174/021093905774519026
Gray, Kurt & Graham, Jesse (Eds.) (2018). Atlas of Moral Psychology. The Guilford Press.
Haidt, Jonathan (2003). The moral emotions. En Richard J. Davidson, Klaus R. Scherer & H. Hill Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 852-870). Oxford University Press.
Hart, Daniel & Matsuba, M. Kyle (2007). The development of pride and moral life. En Jessica L. Tracy, Richard W. Robins & June Price Tangney (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 114-133). The Guilford Press.
Herrald, Mary M. & Tomaka, Joe (2002). Patterns of emotion-specific appraisal, coping, and cardiovascular reactivity during an ongoing emotional episode. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 434-450.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.434
Hoffman, Martin L. (1982). Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. En Nancy Eisenberg-Berg (Ed.), Development of prosocial behavior (pp. 281-313). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-234980-5.50016-X
Hoffman, Martin L. (1983). Affective and cognitive processes in moral internalization: An information processing approach. En E. Toring Higgins, Diane N. Ruble & William W. Hartup (Eds.), Social cognition and social development: A socio-cultural perspective (pp. 236-273). Cambridge University Press.
Hoffman, Martin L. (1987). The contribution of empathy to justice and moral judgment. En Nancy Eisenberg & Janet Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 47-80). Cambridge University Press.
Hoffman, Martin L. (1997). Varieties of empathy-based guilt. En Jane Bybee (Ed.), Guilt in children (pp. 91-112). Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012148610-5/50005-9
Hoffman, Martin L. (2002). Desarrollo moral y empatía: implicaciones para la atención y la justicia. Idea Books.
Howe, Leland W. & Howe, Mary Martha (1977). Cómo personalizar la educación. Perspectivas de la clarificación de valores. Santillana.
Killen, Melanie & Smetana, Judith G. (2014). Handbook of moral development (2ª ed.). Psychology Press.
Kirschenbaum, Howard (1982). Aclaración de valores humanos. Diana.
Kohlberg, Lawrence (1984). The psychology of moral development: The nature and validity of moral stages. Harper and Row.
Kohlberg, Lawrence (1987/1975). El enfoque cognitivo-evolutivo de la educación de la moral. En José Antonio Jordán & Félix Santolaria (Eds.), La educación moral, hoy. Cuestiones y perspectivas (pp. 85-114). P.P.U.
Kristjánsson, Kristjan (2002). Justifying emotions: Pride and jealousy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203165881
Lewis, Michael (2000). Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. En Michael Lewis & Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2ª ed., pp. 623-636). The Guilford Press.
Mead, Margaret (1937). Cooperation and Competition among primitive peoples. McGraw-Hill.
Mehrabian, Albert & Epstein, Norman (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40(4), 525-543.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x
Navarro, Ana M.; Peiró, R.; Llácer, Maria Dolores & Silva, Fernando (1993). EPC. Escala de problemas de conducta. En Fernando Silva & M. Carmen Martorell (Dirs.), EPIJ. Evaluación de la personalidad infanto-juvenil (pp. 31-81). MEPSA.
Ortiz, María José; Apodaca, Pedro; Conejero, Susana; Etxebarria, Itziar & Pascual, Aitziber (2018). Empathy and moral emotions and prosocial and aggressive behavior in children. Psicothema, 30(1), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.143
Panagopoulos, Costas (2010). Affect, social pressure and prosocial motivation: Field experimental evidence of the mobilizing effects of pride, shame and publicizing voting behavior. Political Behavior, 32(3), 369-386.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-010-9114-0
Pascual, Aitziber; Conejero, Susana & Etxebarria, Itziar (2020). Moral pride: A paradoxical effect also present in young adults? The Journal of Psychology, 154(1), 94-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2019.1661344
Pascual, Aitziber; Etxebarria, Itziar; Conejero, Susana & Ortiz, María José (2020). Validation of the Authentic Moral Pride Scale for Children. En Alexandra M. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in Psychology Research (Vol. 141, pp. 113-128). Nova Science Publishers.
Paus, Tomás; Toro, Roberto; Leonard, Gabriel; Lerner, Jacqueline V.; Lerner, Richard M.; Perron, Michel; Pike, G Bruce; Richer, Louis & Steinberg, Laurence (2008). Morphological properties of the action-observation cortical network in adolescents with low and high resistance to peer influence. Social Neuroscience, 3(3-4), 303-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470910701563558
Prinz, Jesse (2007). The emotional construction of morals. Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571543.001.0001
Raths, Louis; Harmin, Merrill & Simon, Sidney B. (1967). El sentido de los valores en la enseñanza. Cómo emplear los valores en el salón de clase. Uteha.
Smith, Richard H.; Webster, J. Mathew; Parrott, W. Gerrod & Eyre, Heidi L. (2002). The role of public exposure in moral and nonmoral shame and guilt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 138-159.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.138
Steinberg, Laurence & Monahan, Kathryn C. (2007). Age differences in resistance to peer influence. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1531-1543. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1531
Suhay, Elizabeth (2015). Explaining group influence: The role of identity and emotion in political conformity and polarization. Political Behavior, 37(1), 221-251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-014-9269-1
Sumter, Sindy R.; Bokhorst, Caroline L.; Steinberg, Laurence & Westenberg, P. Michiel (2009). The developmental pattern of resistance to peer influence in adolescence: Will the teenager ever be able to resist? Journal of Adolescence, 32(4), 1009-1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.08.010
Tangney, June Price (1999). The self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride. En Tim Dalgleish & Mick J. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 541-568). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470013494.ch26
Tangney, June Price (2007). What’s moral about the self-conscious emotions. En Jessica L. Tracy; Richard W. Robins & June Price Tangney (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 21-37). The Guilford Press.
Tangney, June Price; Wagner, Patricia E.; Burggraf, Susan A.; Gramzow, Richard & Fletcher, Carey (1990). The Test of Self-Conscious Affect for Children (TOSCA-C). George Mason University.
Tracy, Jessica L. & Robins, Richard W. (2007a). The nature of pride. En Jessica L. Tracy, Richard W. Robins y June Price Tangney (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions: Theory and research (pp. 263-282). The Guilford Press.
Tracy, Jessica L. & Robins, Richard W. (2007b). Emerging insights into the nature and function of pride. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 147-150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00493.x
Tracy, Jessica L. & Robins, Richard W. (2007c). The psychological structure of pride: A tale of two facets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(3), 506-525. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.506
Tracy, Jessica L. & Robins, Richard W. (2014). Conceptual and empirical strengths of the authentic/hubristic model of pride. Emotion, 14(1), 33-37. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034490
Tracy, Jessica L.; Robins, Richard W. & Tangney, June Price (Eds.). (2007). Self-conscious emotions: Theory and research. The Guilford Press.
Turner, John C. (1991). Social influence. Open University Press.
Walker, Lawrence J. (1989). A longitudinal study of moral reasoning. Child Development, 60(1), 157-166. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131081
Weir, Kirk & Duveen, Gerard (1981). Further development and validation of the prosocial behaviour questionnaire for use by teachers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22(4), 357-374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1981.tb00561.x
Williams, Lisa A. & DeSteno, David (2008). Pride and perseverance: The motivational role of pride. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 1007-1017. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.1007
Publicado
Descargas
Derechos de autor 2022 Aitziber Pascual Jimeno, Susana Conejero López, Itziar Etxebarria Bilbao
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
