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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">QPs</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Quaderns de Psicologia</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">qpsicologia</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0211-3481</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2014-4520</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universitat Aut&#x00F2;noma de Barcelona</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">QPs.2153</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.2153</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Art&#x00ED;culos</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor e sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica: uma revis&#x00E3;o sistem&#x00E1;tica</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Imposter Phenomenon and Psychological Health: A Systematic Review</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5306-4073</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Silva Soares</surname>
<given-names>Ana Karla</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<bio><p>Doutora em Psicologia pela Universidade Federal da Para&#x00ED;ba, atualmente &#x00E9; docente e pesquisadora na Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, coordenadora do N&#x00FA;cleo de Pesquisa em Psicometria e Psicologia Social (NPPS-CNPq), bolsista de produtividade do CNPQ.</p></bio>
<email>akssoares@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4141-3900</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Teodoro Alves</surname>
<given-names>Rafaela</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<bio><p>Mestre em Psicologia pela Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, atualmente &#x00E9; residente em Psicologia na Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, colaboradora do N&#x00FA;cleo de Pesquisa em Psicometria e Psicologia Social (NPPS).</p></bio>
<email>rafinhateo.rt@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2764-4431</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Vera Noriega</surname>
<given-names>Jos&#x00E9; &#x00C1;ngel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
<bio><p>Doutor em Psicolog&#x00ED;a Social pela Universidade Nacional Aut&#x00F3;noma de M&#x00E9;xico, atualmente &#x00E9; docente na Universidade de Sonora, Membro do Sistema Nacional de Pesquisadores n&#x00ED;vel II (Conselho Nacional de Ci&#x00EA;ncia e Tecnologia), da Academia Mexicana de Ci&#x00EA;ncias e do Conselho Mexicano de Pesquisa Educacional (COMIE AC).</p></bio>
<email>jose.vera@unison.mx</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-3122</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Mesaque Martins</surname>
<given-names>Alberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
    <bio><p>Doutor em Psicologia pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, atualmente é docente na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, coordena o Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologias e Processos de Saúde e Cura (SANA, CNPq) e integra o Banco de Avaliadores do Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Superior do MEC/INEP e Bolsista de produtividade do CNPq.</p></bio>
<email>albertomesaque@yahoo.com.br</email>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
<country>&#x00A0;</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Sonora</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Sonora</institution>
<country>&#x00A0;</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
    <institution content-type="original">Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Minas</institution>
    <institution content-type="orgname">Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz Minas</institution>
<country>&#x00A0;</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
    <day>29</day>
    <month>08</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<elocation-id>e2153</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>09</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-request">
<day>16</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>24</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2025 Els autors / The authors</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en" xml:lang="pt">
<license-p>Aquesta obra est&#x00E0; sota una llic&#x00E8;ncia internacional Creative Commons Reconeixement 4.0. CC BY</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title>R<sc>esumo</sc></title>
<p>Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os principais achados sobre a rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor e a sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica por meio de uma revis&#x00E3;o sistem&#x00E1;tica da literatura. Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados SciELO, PsycINFO, PubMed, IndexPsi e PePSIC (junho a julho de 2023), utilizando os descritores &#x201C;fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor&#x201D; e &#x201C;sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica&#x201D;. A busca identificou 556 artigos, os quais foram submetidos a crit&#x00E9;rios de elegibilidade, resultando em 54 estudos selecionados para an&#x00E1;lise. As pesquisas mostraram uma predomin&#x00E2;ncia de amostras compostas por estudantes e no contexto internacional. Em rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o &#x00E0;s vari&#x00E1;veis de sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica, foram identificados 22 construtos que se relacionam de forma positiva, negativa ou como preditores do fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor. Os resultados evidenciaram a complexa intera&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o impostorismo e a sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica, al&#x00E9;m de lacunas amostrais e contextuais, destacando a necessidade de pesquisas que investiguem esses construtos ao longo do desenvolvimento humano e no contexto nacional.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>A<sc>bstract</sc></title>
<p>This study aims to analyze the main findings on the relationship between the impostor phenomenon and psychological health through a systematic literature review. A search was conducted in the SciELO, PsycINFO, PubMed, IndexPsi, and PePSIC databases (June to July 2023), using the descriptors &#x201C;impostor phenomenon&#x201D; and &#x201C;psychological health.&#x201D; The search identified 556 articles, which were subjected to eligibility criteria, resulting in 54 studies selected for analysis. The research showed a predominance of samples consisting of students and in the international context. Regarding psychological health variables, 22 constructs were identified that relate positively, negatively, or as predictors of the impostor phenomenon. The results highlighted the intricate interaction between impostorism and psychological health, as well as sample and contextual gaps, emphasizing the need for studies that investigate these constructs throughout human development and within the national context.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd><bold>Fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor</bold></kwd>
<kwd><bold>Sa&#x00FA;de</bold></kwd>
<kwd><bold>Sa&#x00FA;de mental</bold></kwd>
<kwd><bold>Revis&#x00E3;o sistem&#x00E1;tica</bold></kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords:</title>
<kwd><bold>Impostor phenomenon</bold></kwd>
<kwd><bold>Health</bold></kwd>
<kwd><bold>Mental health</bold></kwd>
<kwd><bold>Systematic review</bold></kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group>
<funding-source>
<institution-wrap>
<institution>CNPQ (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#x00ED;fico e Tecnol&#x00F3;gico)</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>306329/2022-0</award-id>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>Este projeto foi apoiado pelo CNPQ (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#x00ED;fico e Tecnol&#x00F3;gico) por meio de bolsa de produtividade em pesquisa para primeira autora (Processo. 306329/2022-0).</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-2153" sec-type="intro">
<title>I<sc>ntrodu&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o</sc></title>
<p>O fen&#x00F4;meno impostor, embora n&#x00E3;o seja considerado uma doen&#x00E7;a ou enquadrado em manuais diagn&#x00F3;sticos, &#x00E9; uma realidade complexa e debilitante que afeta indiv&#x00ED;duos em uma ampla variedade de cen&#x00E1;rios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-2153">Cisco, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-2153">Harvey, 1981</xref>). Originalmente identificado no contexto cl&#x00ED;nico e sendo vivenciado por mulheres bem-sucedidas, esse fen&#x00F4;meno d&#x00E1; origem a uma constante d&#x00FA;vida sobre as pr&#x00F3;prias conquistas e habilidades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-2153">Clance e Imes, 1978</xref>).</p>
<p>Para indiv&#x00ED;duos que vivenciam o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor, suas realiza&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es s&#x00E3;o justificadas por fatores externos, como sorte, circunst&#x00E2;ncias favor&#x00E1;veis, ou uma qualidade interna tempor&#x00E1;ria, atribuindo a autoria de suas conquistas a elementos que n&#x00E3;o sejam suas habilidades pessoais genu&#x00ED;nas, sua pr&#x00F3;pria intelig&#x00EA;ncia e capacidade e, assim, fortalecendo a cren&#x00E7;a de que s&#x00E3;o impostores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-2153">Clance e Imes, 1978</xref>).</p>
<p>Essa falha na internaliza&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o do sucesso pode resultar em preju&#x00ED;zos na sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-2153">Sullivan e Ryba, 2020</xref>), e acomete desde estudantes at&#x00E9; profissionais de sucesso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-2153">Cisco, 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-2153">Harvey, 1981</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-2153">Dena Bravata et al., (2020)</xref>, indicaram uma alta variabilidade na preval&#x00EA;ncia do fen&#x00F4;meno, entre 9 e 82% nos estudos revisados em nove pa&#x00ED;ses, isso transforma o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor em uma experi&#x00EA;ncia que transcende limites demogr&#x00E1;ficos e contextos profissionais, atingindo uma ampla parcela da popula&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-2153">Ares, 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-2153">Hutchins e Rainbolt, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-2153">Kamarzarrin et al., 2013</xref>).</p>
<p>Em grupos minorit&#x00E1;rios, a discrimina&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o racial se apresenta como um preditor do fen&#x00F4;meno impostor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-2153">Bravata et al., 2020</xref>), se relaciona significativamente com a presen&#x00E7;a de sintomas depressivos e ansiosos e impacta negativamente o bem-estar psicol&#x00F3;gico desses indiv&#x00ED;duos. O fato de que a experi&#x00EA;ncia do impostorismo atinge a sociedade de uma maneira geral e pode gerar consequ&#x00EA;ncias negativas para os sujeitos ilustra a necessidade de compreender seus efeitos e suas rela&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es com outras vari&#x00E1;veis da sa&#x00FA;de mental.</p>
<p>As vari&#x00E1;veis de sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica, aqui compreendidas em seu sentido amplo, englobam aspectos ou fatores que se relacionam e influenciam o bem-estar dos indiv&#x00ED;duos. Introduzido por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-2153">Ed Diener (1984)</xref>, o bem-estar subjetivo (BES) contempla a percep&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o individual dos sujeitos a respeito da avalia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o geral da satisfa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o com a vida e suas rea&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es afetivas positivas e negativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-2153">Soares, Barbosa et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Caracterizado como uma constitui&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o complexa, o BES reflete os dom&#x00ED;nios f&#x00ED;sico, financeiro, social, hed&#x00F4;nino e eudaim&#x00F4;nico, que funcionam para a manuten&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de uma sensa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o geral de bem-estar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-2153">Lui e Fernando, 2018</xref>). Embora distintos, esses dois construtos est&#x00E3;o interligados, uma vez que o fen&#x00F4;meno impostor pode influenciar negativamente a sa&#x00FA;de mental de um indiv&#x00ED;duo.</p>
<p>Na literatura, identificam-se estudos que conectam o impostorismo a diversas vari&#x00E1;veis de sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-2153">September et al., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-2153">Sullivan e Ryba, 2020</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-2153">Pauline Clance e Suzanne Imes (1978)</xref> ressaltam que indiv&#x00ED;duos que se identificam com esse fen&#x00F4;meno frequentemente experimentam altos n&#x00ED;veis de ansiedade generalizada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-2153">Kananifar et al., 2015</xref>), baixa autoestima (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-2153">Neureiter e Traut-Mattausch, 2016</xref>) e depress&#x00E3;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-2153">Leonhardt et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Tendo em vista a complexidade do fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor e de suas conex&#x00F5;es com m&#x00FA;ltiplas vari&#x00E1;veis que contemplam a sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica, observou-se a necessidade de compreender em maior profundidade de que maneira essas rela&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es ocorrem. Nesta dire&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os principais achados sobre a rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor e a sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica por meio de uma revis&#x00E3;o sistem&#x00E1;tica da literatura.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-2-2153" sec-type="methods">
<title>M<sc>&#x00E9;todo</sc></title>
<p>Trata-se de um estudo de revis&#x00E3;o sistem&#x00E1;tica da literatura sobre a rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor e indicadores de sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica. Todas as etapas da revis&#x00E3;o foram realizadas por dois pesquisadores, sendo empregadas as recomenda&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es do PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-2153">Page et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
<sec id="sec-3-2153">
<title>Crit&#x00E9;rios de elegibilidade</title>
<p>Foram considerados eleg&#x00ED;veis artigos de peri&#x00F3;dicos revisados por pares e disserta&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es e teses independentes do per&#x00ED;odo de publica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o em qualquer idioma que avaliaram indicadores de fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor e sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica (I&#x2013;Interesse) na popula&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o geral, sem delimitar qualquer caracter&#x00ED;stica de sexo, ra&#x00E7;a, escolaridade, profiss&#x00E3;o, idade dos participantes ou outras caracter&#x00ED;sticas demogr&#x00E1;ficas, inclusive pa&#x00ED;s de realiza&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o do estudo (P &#x2013; Popula&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e Co &#x2013; Contexto). Foram exclu&#x00ED;dos editoriais, artigos de revis&#x00E3;o e estudos que n&#x00E3;o apresentaram defini&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e forma de mensura&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o clara de personalidade e indicadores de sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-2153">
<title>Fontes de informa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e estrat&#x00E9;gia de busca</title>
<p>Foram realizadas buscas virtuais nas bases de dados SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online), PsycINFO, PubMed, Indexpsi e Pepsic no per&#x00ED;odo de junho a julho de 2023. Dois pesquisadores de forma independente procederam as buscas com os descritores para delimitar as vari&#x00E1;veis de fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor (impostor phenomenon; impostor syndrome) e sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica (happiness; self-realization; satisfaction with life, positive affects negative effects, emotions, subjective vitality self-esteem, optimism) e suas respectivas tradu&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es em portugu&#x00EA;s.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-2153">
<title>An&#x00E1;lise da qualidade dos estudos e risco de vi&#x00E9;s</title>
<p>Diante da n&#x00E3;o identifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de instrumentos espec&#x00ED;ficos de avalia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da qualidade dos estudos e risco de vi&#x00E9;s, empregamos a ferramenta New Risk-of-Bias Assessment Tool (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-2153">Nudelman e Otto, 2020</xref>) nos relatos de pesquisa que &#x00E9; constitu&#x00ED;do por oito perguntas: 1. Representante do quadro de amostra? [sim/n&#x00E3;o = da popula&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o geral]; 2. Recrutamento adequado dos participantes? [sim/n&#x00E3;o = sele&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o aleat&#x00F3;ria ou amostra estratificada]; 3. Taxa de exclus&#x00E3;o adequada de participantes? [sim/n&#x00E3;o &#x003C; 20%]; 4. Tamanho da amostra final aceit&#x00E1;vel? [&#x003E; 100]; 5. Relato das caracter&#x00ED;sticas da amostra? [idade e sexo; sim = ambos relatados/n&#x00E3;o]; 6. Medidas com confiabilidade adequada? [sim/n&#x00E3;o; m&#x00E9;dia r&#x003E; 0,25, por exemplo, &#x03B1; &#x003E; 0,7 para 7 itens]; 7. Configura&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o controlada? [sim = ambiente de coleta de controlado, por exemplo/n&#x00E3;o] e 8. Gerenciamento de dados aceit&#x00E1;vel? [endere&#x00E7;ar dados ausentes, discrep&#x00E2;ncias e respostas inv&#x00E1;lidas; sim = relato de pelo menos um deles/n&#x00E3;o]. Os resultados identificaram 4 estudos com n&#x00ED;vel de concord&#x00E2;ncia entre os dois ju&#x00ED;zes acima de 0,90 (kappa &#x003E; 0,85; p&#x003C;0,001).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-2153">
<title>Processo de sele&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos estudos e coleta dos dados</title>
<p>No processo de sele&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o das pesquisas inseridas na revis&#x00E3;o realizada por meio das buscas nas bases de dados citadas anteriormente, foram consideradas as an&#x00E1;lises de dois pesquisadores que, em situa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es de discord&#x00E2;ncias, avaliaram e decidiram consensualmente a perman&#x00EA;ncia ou extra&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da pesquisa. Inicialmente, procedeu-se &#x00E0; triagem das pesquisas considerando as informa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es contidas no t&#x00ED;tulo e resumo, sendo exclu&#x00ED;das as refer&#x00EA;ncias duplicadas e os que n&#x00E3;o correspondiam ao objetivo geral desta revis&#x00E3;o, assim como os editoriais, artigos de revis&#x00E3;o e estudos que sem defini&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e instrumento de an&#x00E1;lise claro dos construtos em an&#x00E1;lise.</p>
<p>Em seguida, novas exclus&#x00F5;es foram realizadas pautadas na leitura do texto completo aplicando os crit&#x00E9;rios de elegibilidade, considerando os crit&#x00E9;rios de inclus&#x00E3;o: (a) tipo da pesquisa: artigos emp&#x00ED;ricos que relacionassem as vari&#x00E1;veis em estudo; (b) objetivo do estudo: avaliaram a rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor e a personalidade em alguma etapa da pesquisa; e (c) m&#x00E9;todo de mensura&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o: artigos que descreveram as medidas empregadas para mensurar as duas dimens&#x00F5;es. E como crit&#x00E9;rios de exclus&#x00E3;o: (a) tipo da pesquisa: artigos de revis&#x00E3;o de literatura; (b) objetivo do estudo: n&#x00E3;o relacionasse personalidade e fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor em nenhum ponto do manuscrito; e (c) m&#x00E9;todo de mensura&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o: pesquisas que n&#x00E3;o mensurarem claramente os construtos.</p>
<p>Para realizar a sistematiza&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e an&#x00E1;lise das informa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es coletadas foi realizada a leitura na &#x00ED;ntegra das pesquisas que contemplaram os crit&#x00E9;rios de inclus&#x00E3;o e posteriormente foram realizadas s&#x00ED;nteses das informa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es contidas nos artigos (e.g., pa&#x00ED;s da coleta dos dados, objetivo da pesquisa e instrumentos utilizados para avaliar os construtos). Os dados foram reunidos, sumarizados e apresentados como parte dos resultados desta pesquisa.</p>
<p>No caso de dados faltantes, foram inseridos os estudos que, do total de informa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es sumarizadas, apresentassem ao menos um dos pontos (e.g., idade; contexto ou amostra). Quanto a mensura&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o do tamanho do efeito dos estudos, destaca-se que se centrou na busca de pesquisas que avaliassem a rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre as vari&#x00E1;veis, sendo a maioria realizada por coeficientes de correla&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o (medida de tamanho de efeito), sendo o foco da pesquisa a revis&#x00E3;o sistem&#x00E1;tica sem inclus&#x00E3;o de meta-an&#x00E1;lise.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-2153" sec-type="results">
<title>R<sc>esultados</sc></title>
<p>Foram realizadas buscas nas bases de dados mencionadas previamente, sendo identificado um total de 556 estudos (PUBMED: 546; PsycINFO: 7; Index Psi: 2; PePSIC: 1; SciELO: 0). Na primeira triagem, foram exclu&#x00ED;dos os trabalhos duplicados (N = 253), permanecendo 303 artigos. Ap&#x00F3;s a aplica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos crit&#x00E9;rios de elegibilidade, foram exclu&#x00ED;dos 249, que n&#x00E3;o atendiam os crit&#x00E9;rios de inclus&#x00E3;o, resultando em 54 artigos eleg&#x00ED;veis para a an&#x00E1;lise principal deste estudo. Estas informa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-2153">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-2153">
<label>Figura 1.</label>
<caption><title>Fluxograma de sele&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos artigos</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-2153.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p>Os 54 artigos inclu&#x00ED;dos na an&#x00E1;lise, conforme observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-2153">Figura 2</xref>, abarcam um intervalo de publica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o que se estende de 1991 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-2153">Kolligian e Sternberg, 1991</xref>) a 2023 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-2153">Chodoff et al., 2023</xref>), prevalecendo o n&#x00FA;mero de produ&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es dos &#x00FA;ltimos cinco anos (2019 &#x2013; 2023; N = 36; 66,6%). Considerando os anos anteriores (1991 &#x2013; 2018; 27 anos), apenas 18 artigos (32%) foram publicados. Tais resultados sugerem um aumento na produ&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o cient&#x00ED;fica dos &#x00FA;ltimos cinco anos, conforme observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-2-2153">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
<fig id="fig-2-2153">
<label>Figura 2.</label>
<caption><title>Fluxograma da distribui&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos artigos por ano de publica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-2-2153.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p>No que diz respeito &#x00E0; distribui&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o geogr&#x00E1;fica dos locais de condu&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos estudos, foram identificados estudos de 13 pa&#x00ED;ses, com apenas uma pesquisa desenvolvida no contexto nacional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-2153">Soares, do Nascimento et al., 2021</xref>). Ao analisar o perfil geogr&#x00E1;fico, identifica-se que a maioria das pesquisas foram realizadas nos Estados Unidos (N= 33; 61,1%; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-2153">Chakraverty e Rishi, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-2153">Chodoff et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-2153">Muradoglu et al., 2022</xref>), seguido pela Alemanha (7,4%; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-2153">Fleischhauer et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-2153">Neureiter e Traut-Mattausch, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-2153">Rohrmann et al., 2016</xref>) e Canad&#x00E1; (7,4%; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-2153">LaDonna et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-2153">Neufeld et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-2153">September et al., 2001</xref>), como descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-2153">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-2153">
<label>Tabela 1.</label>
<caption><title>Caracteriza&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o do perfil geogr&#x00E1;fico e amostral</title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-2153" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="25%"/>
<col width="25%"/>
<col width="25%"/>
<col width="25%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="middle" align="left"><p>Autores</p></th>
<th valign="middle" align="left"><p>Contexto</p></th>
<th valign="middle" align="left"><p>Amostra</p></th>
<th valign="middle" align="left"><p>Idade (M, DP)</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-2153">Muradoglu et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N = 4870 Estudantes de p&#x00F3;s-gradua&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, p&#x00F3;s-doutorandos, m&#x00E9;dicos residentes e docentes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N&#x00E3;o informado</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-2153">Chodoff et al. (2023)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=28 residentes de medicina</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M= 30 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-2153">LaDonna et al. (2018)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Canad&#x00E1;</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=28 m&#x00E9;dicos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N&#x00E3;o informado</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-2153">J&#x00F6;stl et al. (2012)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>&#x00C1;ustria</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=631 estudantes de doutorado</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M= 31,5 anos (DP = 7,8)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-2153">Chakraverty e Rishi (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=7 estudantes de doutorado/p&#x00F3;s-doutorado</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N&#x00E3;o informado</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-2153">Rohrmann et al., (2016)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Alemanha</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N = 242 profissionais ocupando cargos de lideran&#x00E7;a em diferentes setores</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M = 44,3 &#x00B1; 9,02</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-2153">Chrisman et al., (1995)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=269 estudantes de gradua&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M= 23 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-2153">Duncan et al., (2023)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=86 estudantes do mestrado</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N&#x00E3;o informado</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-2153">September et al. (2001)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Canad&#x00E1;</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N= 379 estudantes universit&#x00E1;rios</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M = 22.1, DP = 3.2</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-2153">Fleischhauer et al. (2021)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Alemanha</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=209 adultos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M=26,99 anos (DP = 9,96 anos)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-2153">Leary et al., (2000)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=238 estudantes de gradua&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>17-23 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-2153">Boyle et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=174 estudantes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>25-50 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-2153">Alrayyes et al. (2020)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Ar&#x00E1;bia Saudita</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=384 adultos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>18-25 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-2153">Stachl e Baranger (2020)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=197 estudantes de p&#x00F3;s-gradua&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, pesquisadores de p&#x00F3;s-doutorado e professores</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N&#x00E3;o informado</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-2153">Wu et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>China</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=326 estudantes universit&#x00E1;rios</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M = 20,39, DP = 1,79</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-2153">Feenstra et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Su&#x00ED;&#x00E7;a (31,9%), Reino Unido (9,2%) e Jap&#x00E3;o (5,9%)</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=185 mulheres</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M = 45,45; DP = 7,99</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-2153">Bernard et al. (2018)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=157 estudantes universit&#x00E1;rios afro-americanos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M = 18,63</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-2153">Stein et al. (2020)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Israel</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N= 148 veteranos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M= 69.53, DP= 6.070 M=67.40, DP= 4.336)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-2153">Tan et al. (2023)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Singapura</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=349 profissionais</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>21 anos ou mais</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-2153">Sullivan e Ryba (2020)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=720 estudantes p&#x00F3;s gradua&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>18-49 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-2153">Rosenthal et al. (2021)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=257 estudantes de medicina</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N&#x00E3;o informado</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-2153">Pastan et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=155 estudantes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N&#x00E3;o informado</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-2153">Chakraverty e Rishi (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=13 estudantes e residentes de MD-PhD</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>20-39 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-2153">Medline et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=296 residentes cir&#x00FA;rgicos e cirurgi&#x00F5;es praticantes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>25-40 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-2153">Legassie et al. (2008)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Canad&#x00E1;</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=48 residentes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>20-39 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-2153">Hu et al. (2019)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=169 estudantes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N&#x00E3;o informado</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-2153">Brennan-Wydra et al. (2021)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=226 estudantes de medicina</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N&#x00E3;o informado</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-2153">Deshmukh et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=30 docentes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N&#x00E3;o informado</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-2153">Bhama et al. (2021)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=144 residentes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>25-34+</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-2153">Neureiter e Traut-Mattausch (2016)</xref>.</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>&#x00C1;ustria</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=238 profissionais</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M = 37,62 anos, DP = 11,43</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-2153">Fassl et al. (2020)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>&#x00C1;ustria/Alemanha</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=278 estudantes universit&#x00E1;rios</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M = 23,42, DP = 4,42</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-2153">Villwock et al. (2016)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=138 estudantes de medicina</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>18-50 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-2153">Rice et al. (2023)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N = 278 estudantes de medicina</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>21-29+</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-2153">Bernard et al. (2017)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N= 157 estudantes universit&#x00E1;rios afro-americanos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M=19,12 anos (DP 0,45; M= 18,07 (DP 0,25)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-2153">Naser et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Bahrain</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=290 estudantes de medicina</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M=19 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-2153">Leach et al. (2019)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N= 88 cirurgi&#x00F5;es gerais e residentes de cirurgia geral em dois hospitais universit&#x00E1;rios</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N&#x00E3;o informado</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-2153">Cokley et al. (2017)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=322 estudantes de medicina</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M=21 anos, DP= 2,7</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-2153">Levant et al. (2020)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N = 112 estudantes universit&#x00E1;rios</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M=25,8 &#x00B1; 3 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-2153">Ogunyemi et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N= 198 estudantes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>18 anos ou mais.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-2153">Chang et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=51 estudantes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N&#x00E3;o informado</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-2153">LaPalme et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=1.643 educadores</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M=24,9 anos (DP = 6,0)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-2153">Freeman e Peisah (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos (61%), Austr&#x00E1;lia (22%) e Reino Unido (7%), Canad&#x00E1;, Dinamarca, Portugal, Cingapura, Tail&#x00E2;ndia e Turquia (10%).</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N= 148 educadores</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>24-86 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-2153">Soares, do Nascimento et al. (2021)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Brasil</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=380 estudantes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M=24 anos (DP= 5,69; 18 a 55 anos)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-2153">Oriel et al. (2004)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=185 residentes de medicina</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M=33 anos, 26-57 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-2153">Tigranyan et al. (2021)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=84 estudantes de doutorado</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>18-40+</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-2153">Kolligian e Sternberg (1991)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=50 estudantes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M = 18,36; SD = 0,96</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-2153">Sightler e Wilson (2001)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=163 estudantes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M=23 anos. (DP = 7,1, intervalo = 20-54)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-2153">Choron et al. (2023)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=30 estudantes</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M= 27 anos (26, 28)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-2153">Patzak et al. (2017)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>&#x00C1;ustria</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=459 estudantes de gradua&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M = 21, DP = 5,60</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-2153">Landry et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=1.015 estudantes e profissionais de nutri&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e diet&#x00E9;tica</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>25-34 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-2153">Zaed et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Italia</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=103 neurocirurgi&#x00F5;es</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>20-40 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-2153">Ibrahim et al. (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N= 376 adultos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M=35,57 anos; DP= 10,50</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-2153">Neureiter e Traut-Mattausch (2016)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Alemanha</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N = 212 estudantes e N = 110 profissionais que trabalham</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M=23,23 anos (DP = 5,36)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-2153">Addae-Konadu (2022)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Estados Unidos</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=200 estagi&#x00E1;rios e professores de obstetr&#x00ED;cia/ginecologia</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M= 28,4 &#x00B1; 4,3 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-2153">Leonhardt et al. (2017)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Alemanha</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N= 183 profissionais em posi&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es de lideran&#x00E7;a</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M= 44,30; DP = 9,02</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-2153">Sawant et al. (2023)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>India</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=416 estudantes de gradua&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e estagi&#x00E1;rios de medicina</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>M=20,48 &#x00B1; 1,45 anos</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-2153">Neufeld et al. (2023)</xref></p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Canad&#x00E1;</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N=277 estudantes de medicina</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>N&#x00E3;o informado</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<p>Com rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o ao perfil amostral das pesquisas, identificou-se um total de 18.672 participantes distribu&#x00ED;dos entre os 54 estudos, dos quais 35 (64,8%) eram compostos por estudantes, tanto de forma exclusiva (N=29; 53,7%), quando em conjunto com outros grupos (e.g., profissionais n= 6). Entre os estudos que relataram a m&#x00E9;dia da idade amostral, identificou-se uma idade m&#x00E9;dia de 28,6 anos (variando de 18 a 69 anos), dado que a maioria das pesquisas eram com estudantes no ambiente universit&#x00E1;rio.</p>
<p>No que se refere ao objetivo geral descrito pelos pesquisadores nas pesquisas analisadas, observou-se que a avalia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da preval&#x00EA;ncia do fen&#x00F4;meno impostor (FI) e sua com rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o com vari&#x00E1;veis de sa&#x00FA;de esteve presente em uma parcela significativa dos estudos (59%; n=32; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-2153">Chakraverty e Rishi, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-2153">J&#x00F6;stl et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-2153">Muradoglu et al., 2022</xref>;), assim como o objetivo de relacionar o FI a fatores sociodemogr&#x00E1;ficos (24%; n=13 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-2153">Duncan et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-2153">Fleischhauer et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-2153">Rohrmann et al., 2016</xref>), apesar dos resultados identificarem escores de rela&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es com vari&#x00E1;veis de sa&#x00FA;de.</p>
<p>Outra classifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, ainda, 16,6% dos estudos, possu&#x00ED;ram como objetivo geral somente avaliar a preval&#x00EA;ncia ou descrever o FI em sua amostra de interesse (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-2153">Chodoff et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-2153">LaDonna et al., 2018</xref>). Outros objetivos que aparecem com menor intensidade buscam comparar escala ou validar construto (5,5%; n=3; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-2153">Chrisman et al., 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-2153">Freeman e Peisah, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-2153">Ibrahim et al., 2022</xref>), relacionar o FI a outras vari&#x00E1;veis ou fatores preditores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-2153">Neureiter e Traut-Mattausch, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-2153">Landry et al., 2022</xref>) e analisar proposta de interven&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-2153">Chang et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-2153">Choron et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>No que tange as vari&#x00E1;veis de sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica analisadas nos contextos de pesquisa, observou-se maior interesse na vari&#x00E1;vel autoestima, sinalizada em 24% (n=13 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-2153">Chrisman et al., 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-2153">J&#x00F6;stl et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-2153">Rohrmann et al., 2016</xref>) dos estudos, seguida por depress&#x00E3;o (20,3%; n=11; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-2153">Alrayyes et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-2153">Brennan-Wydra et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-2153">Hu et al., 2019</xref>) e ansiedade (20,3%; n=11; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-2153">Bernard et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-2153">Cokley et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-2153">Duncan et al., 2023</xref>). Ainda, o Burnout (esgotamento e exaust&#x00E3;o) foi avaliado conjunta ou separadamente em 14,8%; (n=8; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-2153">Deshmukh et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-2153">Legassie, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-2153">Villwock et al., 2016</xref>) das pesquisas, assim como a vari&#x00E1;vel autoefic&#x00E1;cia (12,9%; n=7; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-2153">Duncan et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-2153">Medline et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-2153">Muradoglu et al., 2022</xref>) e bem-estar (11%; n=6; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-2153">Rosenthal et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-2153">September et al., 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-2153">Sullivan e Ryba, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Em menor n&#x00FA;mero, encontram-se indicadores de sa&#x00FA;de mais espec&#x00ED;ficos, que se referem ao sentimento de pertencimento (n= 4; 7,4%; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-2153">Chakraverty e Rishi, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-2153">Muradoglu et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-2153">Stachl e Baranger, 2020</xref>), perfeccionismo (n= 4; 7,4%; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-2153">Brennan-Wydra et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-2153">Medline et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-2153">Hu et al., 2019</xref>), sentimentos negativos (n= 4; 7,4%; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-2153">Chodoff et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-2153">Neureiter e Traut-Mattausch, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-2153">Stein et al., 2020</xref>), estresse (n= 4; 7,4%; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-2153">Alrayyes et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-2153">Leonhardt et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-2153">Sightler e Wilson, 2001</xref>), motiva&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, realiza&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o ou satisfa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o (n=4; 7,4%; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-2153">Feenstra et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-2153">Tigranyan et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-2153">Zaed et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Por fim, tamb&#x00E9;m foram analisados como vari&#x00E1;vel de sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica a convic&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de controle interno e estabilidade emocional (n= 3; 5,5%; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-2153">Leonhardt et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-2153">Medline et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-2153">Rohrmann et al., 2016</xref>), discrimina&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o racial (n=3; 5,5%; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-2153">Bernard et al., 2018</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-2153">2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-2153">Cokley et al., 2017</xref>), autocompaix&#x00E3;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-2153">Patzak et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-2153">Tigranyan et al., 2021</xref>;), assertividade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-2153">Medline et al., 2022</xref>), resili&#x00EA;ncia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-2153">Wu et al., 2022</xref>), confian&#x00E7;a (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-2153">Choron et al., 2023</xref>) e desamparo aprendido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-2153">Ibrahim et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Considerando os instrumentos utilizados na mensura&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o das vari&#x00E1;veis do fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor nas pesquisas selecionadas foram: Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale &#x2013; CIPS (n= 46; 79,6%; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-2153">Chodoff et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-2153">Fleischhauer et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-2153">Muradoglu et al., 2022</xref>), Harvey Imposter Phenomenon Scale &#x2013; Harvey IP (n = 3; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-2153">Chang et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-2153">Kolligian e Sternberg, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-2153">Leary et al., 2000</xref>); Perceived Fraudulence Scale &#x2013; PFS (n = 2; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-2153">Kolligian e Sternberg, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-2153">Leary et al., 2000</xref>); Young Impostor Syndrome (YIS) (n= 2; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-2153">Alrayyes et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-2153">Ogunyemi et al., 2022</xref>); Leary Impostor Scale (n=2; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-2153">Brennan-Wydra et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-2153">Freeman e Peisah, 2022</xref>) e Perfil do Impostor (IPP30) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-2153">Ibrahim et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>A mensura&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o das vari&#x00E1;veis de sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica tamb&#x00E9;m considerara instrumentos de naturezas te&#x00F3;ricas e estruturais diferentes, entre os mais utilizados destacam-se: Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) (7,4% n=4; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-2153">Alrayyes et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-2153">Tan et al., 2023</xref>); Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (7,4% n= 4; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-2153">Fleischhauer et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-2153">J&#x00F6;stl et al., 2012</xref>); State-Trait Anxiety Depression Inventory (STADI) (n= 2 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-2153">Rohrmann et al., 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-2153">Sawant et al., 2023</xref>); Almost Perfect Scale (APS-R) (n= 2 - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-2153">Hu et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-2153">Soares, do Nascimento et al., 2021</xref>); Short Almost Perfect Scale (SAPS) (n = 2; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-2153">Brennan-Wydra et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-2153">Medline et al., 2022</xref>); Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-D/SF) (n=2; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-2153">Patzak et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-2153">Tigranyan et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Analisando as pesquisas quanto aos principais achados, 59,2% dos estudos (N=32; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-2153">Brennan-Wydra et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-2153">Rohrmann et al., 2016</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-2153">Rosenthal et al., 2021</xref>) relataram significativa rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor (FI) e indicadores de sa&#x00FA;de mental. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-2153">John Kolligian e Robert Sternberg (1991)</xref> descrevem que a percep&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de fraude envolve uma combina&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de tend&#x00EA;ncias depressivas, autocr&#x00ED;tica, ansiedade social, press&#x00F5;es de realiza&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e habilidades de automonitoramento.</p>
<p>Em concord&#x00E2;ncia, correla&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es negativas significativas entre o FI e autocompaix&#x00E3;o sugerem que os sentimentos impostores est&#x00E3;o associados a uma autoavalia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o menos positiva e mais autocr&#x00ED;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-2153">Patzak et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-2153">Rosenthal et al., 2021</xref>). Ainda, observou-se uma correla&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o positiva entre alto FI e sentimentos de vergonha, constrangimento e inadequa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o em estudantes universit&#x00E1;rios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-2153">Hu et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Ademais, a presen&#x00E7;a do FI foi consideravelmente relacionada a um menor senso de pertencimento e a menor autoefic&#x00E1;cia, especialmente no contexto acad&#x00EA;mico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-2153">Duncan et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-2153">J&#x00F6;stl et al. 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-2153">Muradoglu et al., 2022</xref>). Al&#x00E9;m disso, sentimentos impostores tamb&#x00E9;m estiveram relacionados negativamente &#x00E0;s vari&#x00E1;veis autoaceita&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, confian&#x00E7;a na habilidade, dom&#x00ED;nio do ambiente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-2153">September et al., 2001</xref>), resili&#x00EA;ncia acad&#x00EA;mica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-2153">Wu et al., 2022</xref>) e bem-estar geral (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-2153">Landry et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-2153">LaPalme et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Os sentimentos impostores estiveram altamente correlacionados com depress&#x00E3;o e ansiedade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-2153">Kolligian e Sternberg, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-2153">Oriel et al., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-2153">Tigranyan et al., 2021</xref>), tamb&#x00E9;m sendo indicado como mediador na rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre discrimina&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o percebida entre grupos e as vari&#x00E1;veis de sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-2153">Bernard et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-2153">Cokley et al., 2017</xref>). Ademais, o FI demonstrou forte correla&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o com cogni&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es perfeccionistas, destacando-se em 12% dos estudos (N=7; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-2153">Medline et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-2153">Tigranyan et al., 2021</xref>).</p>
<p>Notadamente, as associa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es positivas com o impostorismo ocorreram com o perfeccionismo desadaptativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-2153">Brennan-Wydra et al., 2021</xref>). Ainda, os resultados apresentados demonstraram que autoestima foi evidenciada como uma vari&#x00E1;vel mediadora na rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o FI e o perfeccionismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-2153">Soares, do Nascimento et al., 2021</xref>), apresentando tamb&#x00E9;m uma correla&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o negativa com o fen&#x00F4;meno e se caracterizando como uma forte preditora dos sentimentos impostores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-2153">Naser et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-2153">Neureiter e Traut-Mattausch 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-2153">Sawant et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>Integralizando as significativas vari&#x00E1;veis que envolvem o fen&#x00F4;meno impostor, o burnout foi consistentemente relacionado ao FI (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-2153">Deshmukh et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-2153">Villwock et al., 2016</xref>), destacando sua associa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o aos tr&#x00EA;s dom&#x00ED;nios da s&#x00ED;ndrome (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-2153">Alrayyes et al., 2020</xref>). Al&#x00E9;m disso, tanto homens quanto mulheres demonstraram uma correla&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre sentimentos impostores e estresse percebido. Entretanto, essa interconex&#x00E3;o foi particularmente pronunciada no contexto das mulheres, com uma pontua&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de impostor 9% maior do que nos homens (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-2153">Levant et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Os resultados tamb&#x00E9;m sugerem que vari&#x00E1;veis externas, como o tratamento pr&#x00E9;vio de sa&#x00FA;de mental e o aumento das horas de trabalho, desempenham um papel preditivo na intensifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o do Fen&#x00F4;meno do Impostor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-2153">Sullivan e Ryba, 2020</xref>). Al&#x00E9;m disso, o FI esteve relacionado com caracter&#x00ED;sticas de desenvolvimento de carreira. O impostorismo foi associado ao medo do fracasso e medo do sucesso, contribuindo para uma diminui&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o no planejamento e esfor&#x00E7;o de carreira, especialmente em estudantes e profissionais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-2153">Neureiter e Traut-Mattausch, 2016</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-8-2153" sec-type="discussion">
<title>D<sc>iscuss&#x00E3;o</sc></title>
<p>O presente estudo teve como prop&#x00F3;sito analisar, por meio da condu&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de uma revis&#x00E3;o sistem&#x00E1;tica, a rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor e a sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica. Para tanto, buscou-se identificar as principais vari&#x00E1;veis de sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica associadas ao fen&#x00F4;meno, bem como compreender as particularidades dessa rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o. Considerando o delineamento exposto e os resultados identificados, hipotetiza-se que o objetivo central deste estudo foi alcan&#x00E7;ado.</p>
<p>Embora as pesquisas revisadas tenham ocorrido em diversos contextos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-2153">Fleischhauer et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-2153">Neufeld et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-2153">Wu et al., 2022</xref>) e com uma alta variabilidade da idade amostral (28 anos em m&#x00E9;dia, variando de 18 a 69 anos), nota-se que o interesse no tema se concentra, em sua maioria, no contexto norte-americano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-2153">Deshmukh et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-2153">Medline et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-2153">Sullivan e Ryba, 2020</xref>) e tendo como principal amostra os estudantes. Por exemplo, na pesquisa realizada no contexto estadunidense por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-2153">Jennifer Villwock et al. (2016)</xref>, com uma amostra de 138 acad&#x00EA;micos de medicina, quase um quarto dos estudantes do sexo masculino experimentaram o fen&#x00F4;meno impostor. Entre o sexo feminino, a preval&#x00EA;ncia do fen&#x00F4;meno aumenta, com quase metade das alunas experienciando o impostorismo. Com rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o &#x00E0; vari&#x00E1;vel de sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica analisada, o FI foi significativamente associado a burnout.</p>
<p>Ainda no contexto norte-americano, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-2153">Emma Brennan-Wydra et al. (2021)</xref> objetivaram explorar a rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o fen&#x00F4;meno impostor, a idea&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o suicida e o perfeccionismo desadaptativo em uma amostra de 226 estudantes de medicina. Os achados demonstraram associa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es positivas entre os tr&#x00EA;s construtos, e o impostorismo se caracterizou como um mediador na rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o perfeccionismo desadaptativo e a idea&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o suicida. Deste modo, este achado sugere que a sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica se relaciona com indicadores de impostorismo, sendo assim importante compreender como e quando o fen&#x00F4;meno passa a exercer influ&#x00EA;ncia na sa&#x00FA;de mental dos indiv&#x00ED;duos. Este ponto, n&#x00E3;o foi poss&#x00ED;vel discutir a partir dos achados desse estudo, em virtude da lacuna identificada quanto ao perfil amostral das pesquisas, que n&#x00E3;o apresentam dados consistentes de achados envolvendo participantes menores de 18 anos.</p>
<p>Ainda, apesar do aumento significativo das pesquisas envolvendo o fen&#x00F4;meno impostor nos &#x00FA;ltimos cinco anos, sendo as pesquisas mais antigas realizadas por volta de 1991 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-2153">Kolligian e Sternberg, 1991</xref>), que teve por foco analisar a fraude percebida e os tra&#x00E7;os de personalidade em jovens adultos e considerou a vari&#x00E1;vel autoestima e depress&#x00E3;o de sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica. Dentre as mais recentes, destacam-se as pesquisas de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-2153">Lindsay Duncan et al. (2023)</xref> e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-2153">Neena Sawant et al. (2023)</xref> realizadas nos Estados Unidos e &#x00CD;ndia, respectivamente.</p>
<p>Com uma amostra de 86 estudantes de mestrado, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-2153">Duncan et al., (2023)</xref> verificaram a exist&#x00EA;ncia de v&#x00ED;nculo entre o fen&#x00F4;meno impostor e a identifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de g&#x00EA;nero e rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da orienta&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de objetivos, identifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de dom&#x00ED;nio, perfeccionismo, autoefic&#x00E1;cia, ansiedade, relev&#x00E2;ncia pessoal, expectativa, e valor com diferentes n&#x00ED;veis do FI. Os resultados indicaram que a identifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de g&#x00EA;nero foi positivamente relacionada ao FI e diferen&#x00E7;as significativas em perfeccionismo, valor, autoefic&#x00E1;cia, ansiedade e metas de evita&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o por n&#x00ED;vel de impostorismo. O perfeccionismo, a autoefic&#x00E1;cia e a ansiedade foram significativas na previs&#x00E3;o do fen&#x00F4;meno.</p>
<p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-2153">Sawant et al., (2023)</xref>, com uma amostra de 416 estudantes e estagi&#x00E1;rios de medicina, objetivaram investigar a correla&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o FI, tra&#x00E7;os de personalidade, autoestima e diferen&#x00E7;as de g&#x00EA;nero. Os resultados demonstraram que o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor foi correlacionado negativamente com a autoestima. Apesar do crescente n&#x00FA;mero de estudos direcionados &#x00E0; avalia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o do impostorismo e sua rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o com a sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica, n&#x00E3;o foram identificadas pesquisas desta natureza no contexto nacional, aspecto que dificulta a compreens&#x00E3;o do fen&#x00F4;meno na cultura brasileira.</p>
<p>No que tange &#x00E0; sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica, foram identificadas no presente estudo uma variedade de construtos psicol&#x00F3;gicos compreendidos como descritores de sa&#x00FA;de mental, gerando um total de 22 vari&#x00E1;veis.</p>
<p>Dentre as dimens&#x00F5;es identificadas, prevaleceram os estudos que identificaram a depress&#x00E3;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-2153">Cokley et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-2153">Oriel et al., 2004</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-2153">Tigranyan et al., 2021</xref>), ansiedade (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-2153">Addae-Konadu, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-2153">Bernard et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-2153">Chang et al., 2022</xref>) autoefic&#x00E1;cia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-2153">Duncan et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-2153">J&#x00F6;stl et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-2153">Rohrmann et al., 2016</xref>) e burnout (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-2153">Deshmukh et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-2153">Legassie, 2008</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-2153">Tan et al., 2023</xref>) na rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o com os n&#x00ED;veis de impostorismo dos participantes. Ainda, a autoestima caracterizou-se como uma vari&#x00E1;vel mediadora e forte preditora dos sintomas impostores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-44-2153">Naser et al., 2022</xref>).</p>
<p>Destaca-se que o FI foi fortemente relacionado &#x00E0; exaust&#x00E3;o e esgotamento, &#x00E0; autoefic&#x00E1;cia e ao bem-estar entre amostras de trabalhadores e estudantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-2153">Deshmukh et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-2153">Leach et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-2153">Villwock et al., 2016</xref>), indicando que esta associa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o pode prejudicar o desempenho profissional e acad&#x00EA;mico desses indiv&#x00ED;duos. No estudo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-2153">Matthew Landry et al. (2022)</xref>, observou-se que os n&#x00ED;veis de impostorismo elevados relacionam-se negativamente com a satisfa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o no trabalho e o bem-estar geral em uma amostra de 1.015 estudantes e profissionais da &#x00E1;rea de nutri&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o. A pesquisa, realizada nos Estados Unidos, tamb&#x00E9;m demonstrou que maior idade, n&#x00ED;vel educacional e profissional estiveram relacionados a menores escores de impostorismo. Fica evidente a rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o intrincada das vari&#x00E1;veis de sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica com o impostorismo, caracterizando-se como preditora ou se correlacionando positiva ou negativamente aos sentimentos impostores.</p>
<p>Ademais, embora os resultados compartilhem uma s&#x00E9;rie de converg&#x00EA;ncias, tamb&#x00E9;m foram observadas diferen&#x00E7;as nos efeitos do fen&#x00F4;meno impostor em amostras distintas. O impacto do FI variou entre diferentes minorias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-2153">Bernard et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-2153">Chakraverty e Rishi, 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-2153">LaPalme et al., 2022</xref>) e grupos de g&#x00EA;nero (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-2153">Bhama et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-2153">LaPalme et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-2153">Rice et al., 2023</xref>), demonstrando que o fen&#x00F4;meno pode interagir com a discrimina&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e ter manifesta&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es particulares e n&#x00ED;veis de gravidade variados em diferentes contextos socioculturais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-2153">Bernard et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Outro ponto interessante &#x00E9; que, apesar do impostorismo ter sua g&#x00EA;nese como um fen&#x00F4;meno vivenciado particularmente por mulheres, os achados destacam a intercambiedade da presen&#x00E7;a em maior n&#x00ED;vel do fen&#x00F4;meno no que tange ao sexo. Estudos identificam sua preval&#x00EA;ncia em mulheres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-2153">Rice et al., 2023</xref>), em outros momentos n&#x00E3;o houve diferen&#x00E7;a significativa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-2153">Bhama et al., 2021</xref>). Este &#x00E9; importante, visto que demonstra que a compreens&#x00E3;o do desenvolvimento do impostorismo deve centrar nos diferentes grupos, visto que seus n&#x00ED;veis elevados comprometem a sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica de homens e mulheres.</p>
<p>Esta pesquisa, como &#x00E9; comum em empreendimentos cient&#x00ED;ficos, apresenta limita&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es que merecem considera&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o. Primeiramente, &#x00E9; importante notar que nosso estudo n&#x00E3;o esgota a discuss&#x00E3;o sobre a rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre os fen&#x00F4;menos analisados, mas busca fornecer bases te&#x00F3;ricas iniciais para estimular debates e investiga&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emp&#x00ED;ricas que ampliem nosso entendimento sobre o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor e suas poss&#x00ED;veis correla&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es.</p>
<p>Ademais, trata-se neste momento apenas de uma revis&#x00E3;o sistem&#x00E1;tica, sem que sejam avaliados os reais efeitos das rela&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es observadas nas pesquisas (metan&#x00E1;lise), carecendo assim de pondera&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o na an&#x00E1;lise da rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre as dimens&#x00F5;es. No entanto, esta pesquisa n&#x00E3;o possui a inten&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de delimitar completamente o escopo de pesquisas na &#x00E1;rea, mas sim ressaltar a import&#x00E2;ncia de investigar os padr&#x00F5;es de rela&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es identificados em diferentes contextos e amostras, destacando a relev&#x00E2;ncia de no futuro se investigar a rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o impostorismo e a sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica por meio de diferentes delineamentos (metanal&#x00ED;ticos, correlacionais e/ou experimentais).</p>
<p>Espera-se que este estudo ressalte a relev&#x00E2;ncia da amplia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o do escopo de pesquisas direcionadas a compreender o fen&#x00F4;meno em todas as fases do desenvolvimento humano (especialmente, entre crian&#x00E7;as e adolescentes) e contribua para a incorpora&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o do conhecimento nas pr&#x00E1;ticas de interven&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, minimizando os efeitos nocivos do impostorismo na sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica da popula&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-9-2153" sec-type="conclusions">
<title>C<sc>onclus&#x00E3;o</sc></title>
<p>A presente revis&#x00E3;o sistem&#x00E1;tica da literatura oferece uma vis&#x00E3;o abrangente sobre a rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor e a sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica, destacando as principais descobertas e tend&#x00EA;ncias na &#x00E1;rea. A an&#x00E1;lise dos 54 estudos inclu&#x00ED;dos revela um not&#x00E1;vel aumento no interesse acad&#x00EA;mico pelo fen&#x00F4;meno, com 66,6% dos artigos publicados nos &#x00FA;ltimos cinco anos. Este aumento &#x00E9; particularmente vis&#x00ED;vel nos Estados Unidos, que se destaca como o pa&#x00ED;s com o maior n&#x00FA;mero de estudos. O perfil amostral predominante de estudantes universit&#x00E1;rios e a variabilidade nas vari&#x00E1;veis de sa&#x00FA;de analisadas&#x2014;como autoestima, depress&#x00E3;o, ansiedade e burnout&#x2014;evidenciam a complexidade da rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor e o bem-estar psicol&#x00F3;gico.</p>
<p>Os resultados desta revis&#x00E3;o confirmam a necessidade de ampliar os estudos sobre a rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor e as dificuldades emocionais e psicol&#x00F3;gicas, que impactam tanto o desempenho acad&#x00EA;mico quanto o profissional. Observou-se uma lacuna significativa na literatura, especialmente no que diz respeito a investiga&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es no contexto nacional e entre menores de 18 anos. A predomin&#x00E2;ncia de estudos focados em popula&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es acad&#x00EA;micas e profissionais dos Estados Unidos limita a compreens&#x00E3;o do fen&#x00F4;meno em contextos culturais e et&#x00E1;rios variados. Portanto, h&#x00E1; uma necessidade urgente de expandir a pesquisa para incluir esses grupos, o que permitir&#x00E1; uma compreens&#x00E3;o mais completa e contextualizada do fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor.</p>
<p>Em termos de implica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es pr&#x00E1;ticas, os resultados ressaltam a import&#x00E2;ncia de implementar estrat&#x00E9;gias de interven&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o que abordem o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor, especialmente em ambientes acad&#x00EA;micos e profissionais. A promo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da autoestima, o fortalecimento da autoefic&#x00E1;cia e o suporte psicol&#x00F3;gico para lidar com perfeccionismo e ansiedade s&#x00E3;o aspectos cruciais que devem ser considerados nas interven&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es.</p>
<p>Finalmente, esta revis&#x00E3;o sistem&#x00E1;tica fornece uma base s&#x00F3;lida para futuras investiga&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es e pr&#x00E1;ticas interventivas, sublinhando a import&#x00E2;ncia de uma abordagem multidimensional para entender e abordar o fen&#x00F4;meno do impostor. A amplia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o do escopo da pesquisa para incluir diferentes grupos et&#x00E1;rios e culturais, bem como uma an&#x00E1;lise mais detalhada dos efeitos do impostorismo, poder&#x00E1; contribuir significativamente para a mitiga&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos impactos negativos na sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica da popula&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
<p><bold>F<sc>inanciamento</sc></bold></p>
<p>Este projeto foi apoiado pelo CNPQ (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#x00ED;fico e Tecnol&#x00F3;gico) por meio de bolsa de produtividade em pesquisa para primeira autora (Processo. 306329/2022-0).</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
<ref-list>
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