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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">QPs</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Quaderns de Psicologia</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">qpsicologia</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0211-3481</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2014-4520</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Universitat Aut&#x00F2;noma de Barcelona</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">QPs.1972</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1972</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Articles</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title><bold>Comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o Emocional em Sa&#x00FA;de: Apresentando a Ferramenta de Codifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de Verona de Sequ&#x00EA;ncias Emocionais (VR-CoDES)</bold></article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en"><bold><italic>Emotional Communication In Healthcare: A Tool for Verona Coding Definitions to Emotional Sequences (VR-Codes)</italic></bold></trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5195-4603</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Romeiro</surname>
<given-names>Fernanda Bittencourt</given-names>
</name>
<bio><p>Psic&#x00F3;loga, Doutora e Mestre em Psicologia Cl&#x00ED;nica na Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, RS/Brasil. Professora Assistente na Faculdade de Tecnologia SENAI de Porto Alegre/Brasil.</p></bio>
<email>romeiro.fernanda@hotmail.com</email>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1290-7561</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Castro</surname>
<given-names>Elisa Kern de</given-names>
</name>
<bio><p>Professora de Psicologia na Escola Superior de Sa&#x00FA;de e Ci&#x00EA;ncias Egas Moniz (Portugal) e psic&#x00F3;loga cl&#x00ED;nica. Doutorado em Psicologia Cl&#x00ED;nica e da Sa&#x00FA;de pela Universidade Aut&#x00F4;noma de Madrid (Espanha) e Mestrado em Psicologia do Desenvolvimento pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil).</p></bio>
<email>elisa.kerndecastro@gmail.com</email>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2336-5224</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Carlotto</surname>
<given-names>Mary Sandra</given-names>
</name>
<bio><p>Psic&#x00F3;loga; Doutora em Psicologia Social (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela/Espanha). Professora no Programa de P&#x00F3;s-Gradua&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o em Psicologia na UnB - Bras&#x00ED;lia.</p></bio>
<email>mscarlotto@gmail.com</email>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos</institution>
<country>&#x00A0;</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original">Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Egas Moniz (Portugal)</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Egas Moniz (Portugal)</institution>
<country>&#x00A0;</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#x00ED;lia</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#x00ED;lia</institution>
<country>&#x00A0;</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>03</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>26</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<elocation-id>e1972</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>10</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2022</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-request">
<day>31</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2023</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>29</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2024</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>&#x00A9; 2024 Els autors / The authors</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2024</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en" xml:lang="pt">
<license-p>Aquesta obra est&#x00E0; sota una llic&#x00E8;ncia internacional Creative Commons Reconeixement 4.0. CC BY</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<title><bold>Resumo</bold></title>
<p>A comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o cl&#x00ED;nica, com foco nas compet&#x00EA;ncias emocionais, &#x00E9; uma habilidade que requer treinamento devido &#x00E0; necessidade de reconhecer express&#x00F5;es emocionais dos pacientes e dar uma resposta adequada. O objetivo deste estudo &#x00E9; apresentar uma ferramenta para avalia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de, abordando as principais defini&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es te&#x00F3;ricas sobre a tem&#x00E1;tica e pesquisas baseadas em evid&#x00EA;ncias que aplicaram a ferramenta Codifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de Verona para Sequ&#x00EA;ncias Emocionais (VR-CoDES). Baseado numa pesquisa de levantamento bibliogr&#x00E1;fico, o estudo analisa a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de e o uso dessa ferramenta, tendo em vista que a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o &#x00E9; a componente chave na alta qualidade do tratamento, com impacto na satisfa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e ades&#x00E3;o dos pacientes. O estudo discute a import&#x00E2;ncia do reconhecimento de pistas e preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais de pacientes em tratamentos de sa&#x00FA;de e destaca as lacunas e desafios sobre os treinamentos de habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional nos contextos de sa&#x00FA;de.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title><bold><italic>Abstract</italic></bold></title>
<p><italic>Emotional communication in health is a tool to improve communication skills regarding the need to recognize patients&#x2019; emotional expressions and give them an adequate response. This study aims to show a tool to assess the emotional communication of health professionals, addressing the main theoretical definitions and evidence-based research that applied the Verona Coding Definitions of Emotional Sequences (VR-CoDES) methodology. Based on bibliographic research, the study analyzes the use of the VR-CoDES on emotional communication of health professionals, considering that communication is the key component in the high quality of treatment, with an impact on patient satisfaction and compliance. The study discusses the importance of recognizing patients&#x2019; emotional cues and concerns in health care and highlights the gaps and challenges in training emotional communication skills in health contexts.</italic></p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
<kwd><bold>Comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o em Sa&#x00FA;de</bold></kwd>
<kwd><bold>Profissionais de Sa&#x00FA;de</bold></kwd>
<kwd><bold>Emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o Expressa</bold></kwd>
<kwd><bold>VR-CoDES</bold></kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title><italic>Keywords:</italic></title>
<kwd><bold><italic>Health Communication</italic></bold></kwd>
<kwd><bold><italic>Healthcare Providers</italic></bold></kwd>
<kwd><bold><italic>Expressed Emotion</italic></bold></kwd>
<kwd><bold><italic>VR-CoDES</italic></bold></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec id="sec-1-1972" sec-type="intro">
<title><bold>I<sc>ntrodu&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o</sc></bold></title>
<p>Nos contextos de sa&#x00FA;de, a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o cl&#x00ED;nica, com foco nas compet&#x00EA;ncias emocionais, &#x00E9; uma habilidade que requer treinamento devido &#x00E0; necessidade de reconhecer express&#x00F5;es emocionais dos pacientes e dar uma resposta adequada. O aprimoramento das habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e evidencia a necessidade de reconhecer express&#x00F5;es emocionais dos pacientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-8-1972">Castelhano e Wahba 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-1972">Theys et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-64-1972">Thuraisingham et al., 2023</xref>). O reconhecimento das emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es dos pacientes por parte dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de pode auxili&#x00E1;-los a aumentarem a qualidade da comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o nos seus atendimentos, impactando na ades&#x00E3;o, satisfa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e bem-estar dos pacientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-1972">Finset, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-1972">Hafskjold et al., 2018</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-30-1972">Kissane et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-68-1972">De Vries et al., 2017</xref>). Os comportamentos verbais e n&#x00E3;o verbais s&#x00E3;o elementos essenciais no cerne da comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional, tendo em vista que os pacientes nem sempre conseguem expressar preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais expl&#x00ED;citas e as pistas subjacentes &#x00E0; doen&#x00E7;a precisam ser exploradas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-10-1972">Coelho e Galan, 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-22-1972">Gorawara-Bhat et al., 2017</xref>). Apesar dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de priorizarem o cuidado humanizado, pouco reconhecem a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o n&#x00E3;o verbal como um tipo de verbaliza&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o que pode indicar a express&#x00E3;o de desconforto do paciente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-1972">Cruz et al., 2023</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-53-1972">Ramos e Bortagarai, 2012</xref>).</p>
<p>Baseada na dimens&#x00E3;o biopsicossocial, a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de deve ser centrada no paciente, reconhecendo as prefer&#x00EA;ncias, incentivando a tomada de decis&#x00E3;o compartilhada e estabelecendo uma rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de empatia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-12-1972">D&#x2019;Agostino et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-14-1972">Diamond-Brown, 2016</xref>). Os profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de da aten&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o prim&#x00E1;ria, por exemplo, s&#x00E3;o expostos diariamente a situa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es de estresse e precisam lidar com o sofrimento dos pacientes de maneira assertiva e emp&#x00E1;tica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-51-1972">Pinheiro et al., 2020</xref>). Quando os profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de identificam e gerenciam os aspectos psicol&#x00F3;gicos sinalizados pelo paciente como ang&#x00FA;stia, tristeza, ansiedade e medo, os pacientes se sentem compreendidos e apoiados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-74-1972">Zimmermann et al., 2007</xref>). O tempo limitado das consultas ou a pressa na realiza&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos procedimentos pode ser um fator que impede que os profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de explorem os sentimentos dos pacientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-1972">Del Piccolo et al., 2015</xref>). No que tange &#x00E0; forma&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos profissionais durante a gradua&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e cursos t&#x00E9;cnicos, parece haver uma desintegra&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre a pr&#x00E1;tica e o ensino de habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o que favore&#x00E7;am uma comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o mais efetiva com os pacientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-59-1972">Rosenbaum, 2017</xref>). O treinamento de habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o como uma estrat&#x00E9;gia educacional possui efic&#x00E1;cia na modifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o das atitudes dos estudantes da &#x00E1;rea da sa&#x00FA;de, principalmente da medicina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-1972">Moura et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-1972">Rocha et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Pesquisadores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-1972">Zimmermann et al., 2011</xref>) da &#x00E1;rea de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o em sa&#x00FA;de desenvolveram a ferramenta <italic>Verona Coding Definitions of Emotional Sequences</italic> (VR-CoDES), que permite codificar express&#x00F5;es emocionais de pacientes em consultas cl&#x00ED;nicas e avaliar como os profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de respondem a essas express&#x00F5;es (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-1972">Del Piccolo et al., 2011</xref>). A aplica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da ferramenta permite avaliar a intera&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o profissional-paciente e codificar pistas e preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais e as respostas do profissional de sa&#x00FA;de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-1972">Finset, 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-73-1972">Zimmermann et al., 2011</xref>). Essa ferramenta vem sendo aplicada e testada em diversos contextos da &#x00E1;rea da sa&#x00FA;de, como oncologia, pediatria, enfermagem, nutri&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, odontologia, farm&#x00E1;cia, oftalmologia, psiquiatria e, inclusive, no contexto veterin&#x00E1;rio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-1972">Eikenhorst et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-1972">Ortwein et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-48-1972">Del Piccolo et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-1972">Park et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-65-1972">Vatne et al., 2010</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-66-1972">Vijfhuizen et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-70-1972">Wright et al., 2012</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-72-1972">Yin et al., 2020</xref>). Entre 2011 e 2023, ap&#x00F3;s o desenvolvimento da ferramenta, foram publicados mais de 50 estudos na &#x00E1;rea da comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional nos contextos de sa&#x00FA;de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-40-1972">Otte et al., 2022</xref> ; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-45-1972">Del Piccolo et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-1972">Romeiro et al., 2023</xref>). Grande parte desses estudos envolve diferentes especialidades m&#x00E9;dicas e de investiga&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o m&#x00E9;dico-paciente em situa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es de doen&#x00E7;a cr&#x00F4;nica. Outras especialidades de sa&#x00FA;de utilizam a ferramenta para aprimorar os cuidados com os pacientes e favorecer uma comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o mais emp&#x00E1;tica e efetiva. No Brasil, a ferramenta foi utilizada recentemente no contexto oncol&#x00F3;gico, investigando como os m&#x00E9;dicos respondem &#x00E0;s express&#x00F5;es emocionais dos pacientes em tratamento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-1972">Romeiro et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-1972">2023</xref>).</p>
<p>A partir do exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar uma ferramenta para avalia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de, abordando as principais defini&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es te&#x00F3;ricas sobre a tem&#x00E1;tica e pesquisas baseadas em evid&#x00EA;ncias que utilizaram a ferramenta VR-CoDES. Baseado em uma pesquisa de levantamento bibliogr&#x00E1;fico, o estudo analisa a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de por meio dessa ferramenta, tendo em vista que a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o &#x00E9; um componente-chave na alta qualidade do tratamento, com impacto na satisfa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e ades&#x00E3;o dos pacientes. Por fim, o estudo discute a import&#x00E2;ncia do reconhecimento de pistas e preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais de pacientes em tratamentos de sa&#x00FA;de e destaca as lacunas e desafios sobre os treinamentos de habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional nos contextos de sa&#x00FA;de.</p>
<sec id="sec-2-1972">
<title><bold>C<sc>omunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional no contexto de sa&#x00FA;de</sc></bold></title>
<p>O conceito de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional deriva da teoria das emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es tendo em vista que &#x00E9; um processo de influ&#x00EA;ncia m&#x00FA;tua do processo interacional em que profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de e pacientes se expressam de forma verbal e n&#x00E3;o verbal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-4-1972">Bartsch e H&#x00FC;bner, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-63-1972">Theys et al., 2020</xref>). Reconhecer e explorar as emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es dos pacientes sobre a sua condi&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de sa&#x00FA;de e indicar a a&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o terap&#x00EA;utica de modo que contemple as preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es envolvidas, pode melhorar os resultados de sa&#x00FA;de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-1972">Barbosa et al., 2019</xref>). A revela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de diagn&#x00F3;stico de c&#x00E2;ncer, AIDS e outras doen&#x00E7;as cr&#x00F4;nicas, pode gerar impacto emocional negativo para os pacientes, exigindo manejo emocional dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de para al&#x00E9;m da provis&#x00E3;o t&#x00E9;cnica da informa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-2-1972">Andrade et al., 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-6-1972">Bourquin et al., 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-1972">Park et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Uma revis&#x00E3;o de literatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-13-1972">Dean e Street, 2014</xref>) reuniu estudos sobre o gerenciamento das emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es de m&#x00E9;dicos em consultas cl&#x00ED;nicas com pacientes com c&#x00E2;ncer e desenvolveu um modelo conceitual de tr&#x00EA;s est&#x00E1;gios para auxiliar os m&#x00E9;dicos a enfrentarem de maneira mais eficaz os desafios de reconhecer, explorar e gerenciar o sofrimento emocional dos pacientes. A comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, quando bem estabelecida, pode impactar na autoefic&#x00E1;cia do paciente com manejo de doen&#x00E7;as cr&#x00F4;nicas e redu&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da intensidade da dor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-60-1972">Ruben et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-3-1972">
<title><bold>Codifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de Verona para Sequ&#x00EA;ncias Emocionais (VR-CoDES)</bold></title>
<p>Em 2006, vinte e tr&#x00EA;s pesquisadores de sete pa&#x00ED;ses (Inglaterra, Holanda, Noruega, Su&#x00ED;&#x00E7;a, Alemanha, It&#x00E1;lia e Estados Unidos) reuniram-se em Verona para participar do 4&#x00BA; workshop por convite da rede &#x201C;<italic>Verona Network on Sequence Analysis</italic>&#x201D;, organizado pela Universidade de Verona (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-46-1972">Del Piccolo et al., 2006</xref>). Nesse, os pesquisadores chegaram a um consenso sobre como classificar as respostas dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de &#x00E0;s pistas e preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es dos pacientes. Os pesquisadores se encontravam anualmente para discutir sobre como avaliar a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional e, sobretudo, orientar profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de sobre as emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es dos pacientes em rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o &#x00E0; doen&#x00E7;a e ao tratamento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-74-1972">Zimmermann et al., 2007</xref>). Em 2011, a ferramenta foi desenvolvida e publicada pelo grupo de pesquisadores associados &#x00E0; <italic>International Association for Communication in Healthcare [EACH]</italic>, organiza&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o global dedicada a explorar e melhorar as formas pelas quais os profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de, pacientes e familiares se comunicam (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-16-1972">EACH, 2018</xref>)<italic>.</italic></p>
<p>O VR-CoDES possui vers&#x00F5;es em l&#x00ED;ngua inglesa, italiana, portuguesa e chinesa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-1972">Del Piccolo et al., 2011</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-1972">Pais e Figueiredo-Braga, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-71-1972">Yin et al., 2019</xref>). A ferramenta possui dois manuais VR-CoDES- CC (<italic>cue/concerns</italic>) e VR-CoDES- P (<italic>professional</italic>) para descrever como as pistas/preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais dos pacientes e respostas dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de s&#x00E3;o codificadas. Al&#x00E9;m disso, conta com um guia para orientar a divis&#x00E3;o da consulta em unidades de an&#x00E1;lise da intera&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o profissional-paciente. Uma vantagem da utiliza&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da ferramenta VR-CoDES &#x00E9; que o instrumento possibilita uma avalia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o quantitativa das express&#x00F5;es emocionais e das respostas dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de. <underline>O instrumento</underline> possui boa confiabilidade e concord&#x00E2;ncia entre ju&#x00ED;zes codificadores de 92,86%, Kappa de Cohen de 0,90 (0,04) e p &#x003C; 0,0001 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-1972">Del Piccolo et al., 2011</xref>). A ferramenta &#x00E9; confi&#x00E1;vel para codificar express&#x00F5;es emocionais de pacientes e pode instrumentalizar o treinamento dos m&#x00E9;dicos no desenvolvimento da empatia, identifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da ang&#x00FA;stia e manejo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-19-1972">Finset, 2011</xref>). Por outro lado, o sistema de codifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o &#x00E9; insuficiente para codificar comportamentos n&#x00E3;o verbais, gestos e express&#x00F5;es corporais, restringindo-se a analisar somente pistas de express&#x00F5;es n&#x00E3;o verbais como choro e sil&#x00EA;ncio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-29-1972">Kale et al., 2013</xref>). Estudos que utilizaram a ferramenta buscaram identificar pontos de intersec&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre a ferramenta e habilidades como a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o centrada no paciente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-1972">Del Piccolo, 2017</xref>), os estilos de apego, a influ&#x00EA;ncia da intelig&#x00EA;ncia emocional nas respostas dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-9-1972">Cherry et al., 2018</xref>) e empatia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-5-1972">Bonvicini et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-20-1972">Finset &#x0026; &#x00D8;rnes, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-33-1972">Krystallidou et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>Em geral, os pacientes se expressam por meio de pistas subjacentes e n&#x00E3;o explicitam diretamente as preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es como o medo e ansiedade. Por essa raz&#x00E3;o, dificilmente os profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de conseguem reconhecer as preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es subjacentes dos pacientes e acabam por n&#x00E3;o comentar o aspecto emocional relacionado &#x00E0; preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos pacientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-32-1972">Korsvold et al., 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-1972">Park et al., 2020</xref>). O VR-CoDES orienta como &#x00E9; poss&#x00ED;vel identificar tais preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais impl&#x00ED;citas e quais respostas podem favorecer espa&#x00E7;o ou incentivar o paciente a se expressar melhor.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-4-1972">
<title><bold>Pistas e preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais (VR-CoDES CC)</bold></title>
<p>O VR-CoDES CC (<italic>cue/concerns</italic>) define uma preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o como uma express&#x00E3;o clara e inequ&#x00ED;voca de uma emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o atual ou recente desagrad&#x00E1;vel em que a emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o &#x00E9; explicitamente verbalizada (ex., me sinto ansioso/estou preocupado/me sinto triste) e uma pista como a queixa verbal ou n&#x00E3;o verbal do paciente que sugere uma emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o desagrad&#x00E1;vel subjacente, mas que falta clareza (ex., estou a explodir/isso &#x00E9; tudo in&#x00FA;til/choro/revela situa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de estresse/n&#x00E3;o tenho apetite; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-1972">Del Piccolo et al., 2011</xref>, 2006; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-74-1972">Zimmermann et al., 2007</xref>). O instrumento utiliza como crit&#x00E9;rio que as preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais sejam atuais e presentes nas &#x00FA;ltimas quatro semanas. As pistas subjacentes s&#x00E3;o divididas em sete subcategorias (a, b, c, d, e, f e g), em que cada uma exemplifica essas queixas verbais ou n&#x00E3;o verbais, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tabw-1-1972">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
<table-wrap id="tabw-1-1972">
<label>Tabela 1.</label>
<caption><title>Descri&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de sete tipos de subcategorias de pistas emocionais (VR-CoDES CC)</title></caption>
<table id="tab-1-1972" frame="hsides" border="1" rules="all">
<col width="30%"/>
<col width="70%"/>
<thead>
<tr>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Subcategorias</p></th>
<th valign="top" align="center"><p>Descri&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center"><p>Pista a</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Express&#x00E3;o verbal parecida com uma preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, mas para diferenci&#x00E1;-las, considera-se as express&#x00F5;es vagas e inespec&#x00ED;ficas dos pacientes (ex. estranho, mais ou menos, esquisito).</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center"><p>Pista b</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Sugest&#x00E3;o de uma emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o impl&#x00ED;cita em que o paciente expressa suas emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es atrav&#x00E9;s de met&#x00E1;foras (ex. &#x201C;estou quase a explodir&#x201D;, &#x201C;&#x00E9; tudo in&#x00FA;til&#x201D;), ou exclama&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es para sugerir um estado emocional. Por&#x00E9;m, se o paciente verbalizar sentir-se in&#x00FA;til, a express&#x00E3;o &#x00E9; categorizada como uma preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center"><p>Pista c</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Indica uma express&#x00E3;o verbal com um car&#x00E1;ter fisiol&#x00F3;gico relacionado &#x00E0; emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o (ex. sono, n&#x00E1;usea, dores em geral. Neste caso, n&#x00E3;o basta o paciente verbalizar o desconforto f&#x00ED;sico, &#x00E9; preciso dar &#x00EA;nfase &#x00E0; express&#x00E3;o de emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o subjacente (ex. &#x201C;n&#x00E3;o durmo muito bem&#x201D;).</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center"><p>Pista d</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Indica que o conte&#x00FA;do verbal &#x00E9; neutro e se refere a circunst&#x00E2;ncias ou viv&#x00EA;ncias potencialmente estressantes. Um exemplo retirado do manual para explicar a defini&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o desta pista: &#x201C;a frase &#x2018;tenho c&#x00E2;ncer&#x2019; n&#x00E3;o &#x00E9; codificada como uma pista se for parte de um di&#x00E1;logo em que o paciente simplesmente presta informa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o m&#x00E9;dica.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center"><p>Pista e</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Indica repeti&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o do conte&#x00FA;do em que existe emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e o paciente repete por sua pr&#x00F3;pria iniciativa uma express&#x00E3;o verbal neutra. A codifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o desta pista depende de uma interven&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o igual anterior em que o paciente suscita novamente a express&#x00E3;o que utilizou.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center"><p>Pista f</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Codificada como uma pista n&#x00E3;o verbal, em que o paciente faz alguma express&#x00E3;o de um comportamento n&#x00E3;o verbal (choro, sil&#x00EA;ncio, pausa na fala).</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="middle" align="center"><p>Pista g</p></td>
<td valign="middle" align="left"><p>Reflete uma emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o expl&#x00ED;cita, de uma preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o expressa no tempo verbal passado (ex. h&#x00E1; mais de 4 semanas ou num per&#x00ED;odo incerto da vida). Essa pista pode ser identifica sempre que o paciente faz alus&#x00E3;o a um per&#x00ED;odo dif&#x00ED;cil de sua vida, e at&#x00E9; mesmo de sintomas do tratamento.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-5-1972">
<title><bold>Respostas dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de &#x00E0;s express&#x00F5;es emocionais dos pacientes (VR-CoDES P)</bold></title>
<p>As dimens&#x00F5;es do VR-CoDES-P (profissional), de respostas expl&#x00ED;citas e n&#x00E3;o expl&#x00ED;citas, permitem avaliar se os profissionais fornecem ou reduzem espa&#x00E7;o para as express&#x00F5;es emocionais dos pacientes (Del Piccolo, 2017). A aplica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o do VR-CoDES-P &#x00E9; confi&#x00E1;vel e vi&#x00E1;vel quando se utiliza a diferencia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de respostas de &#x201C;fornecimento&#x201D; e &#x201C;redu&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de espa&#x00E7;o&#x201D;, como duas formas de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o em que o profissional abre espa&#x00E7;o para o paciente se expressar ou fecha o espa&#x00E7;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-1972">Ortwein et al., 2017</xref>). O manual cont&#x00E9;m uma descri&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o detalhada de respostas do profissional de sa&#x00FA;de que s&#x00E3;o distribu&#x00ED;das em 17 codifica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-41-1972">Pais e Figueiredo-Braga, 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-47-1972">Del Piccolo et al., 2011</xref>). As respostas s&#x00E3;o categorizadas em expl&#x00ED;citas ou n&#x00E3;o-expl&#x00ED;citas seguidas da fun&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de prover ou reduzir espa&#x00E7;o &#x00E0;s express&#x00F5;es emocionais do paciente. Aspetos do comportamento n&#x00E3;o verbal podem ser analisados a partir dos itens: a) dist&#x00E2;ncia social, dist&#x00E2;ncia horizontal e dist&#x00E2;ncia vertical; b) contato visual; c) express&#x00E3;o facial: sorriso, franzir da testa, m&#x00ED;mica facial; d) movimentos da cabe&#x00E7;a: acenar, abanar; e) postura corporal: inclina&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o para a frente, inclina&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o para tr&#x00E1;s; f) toque; e g) tom de voz e expressividade vocal. As grava&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es em v&#x00ED;deo permitem esse tipo de an&#x00E1;lise com observa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos comportamentos n&#x00E3;o verbais dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de. Importante ressaltar que o instrumento n&#x00E3;o possui ju&#x00ED;zo de valor e n&#x00E3;o tem a pretens&#x00E3;o de tornar mec&#x00E2;nica a intera&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o m&#x00E9;dico-paciente. O intuito do instrumento &#x00E9; codificar as respostas dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de e evidenciar quais favorecem a empatia e a explora&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o das emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es com provis&#x00E3;o de espa&#x00E7;o que n&#x00E3;o interrompam o paciente. A seguir, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig-1-1972">Figura 1</xref> exemplifica esses c&#x00F3;digos.</p>
<fig id="fig-1-1972">
<label><bold>Figura 1.</bold></label>
<caption><title>Retirada do Manual VR-CoDES. Codifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o das Respostas do Profissional de Sa&#x00FA;de</title></caption>
<graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="fig-1-1972.jpg"/>
</fig>
<p>Para facilitar a codifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, um estudo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-1972">Park et al., 2019</xref>) separou as respostas que possuem a fun&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de provis&#x00E3;o do espa&#x00E7;o: empatia expl&#x00ED;cita ou impl&#x00ED;cita expressa (c&#x00F3;digos EPAEm ou NPIm), indicando que o profissional de sa&#x00FA;de tem uma compreens&#x00E3;o da emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o do paciente; reconhecendo-a, perguntando sobre ela ou fornecendo empatia expl&#x00ED;cita (c&#x00F3;digos EPAAc, EPAEx ou EPAEm); explorando a preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional, pedindo ao paciente mais informa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, referindo-se geral ou explicitamente &#x00E0; emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o ou circunst&#x00E2;ncia (c&#x00F3;digos NPAi, EPAEx ou EPCEx); resposta referindo-se geral ou explicitamente &#x00E0; emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o ou circunst&#x00E2;ncia (c&#x00F3;digos NPAc, EPAAc ou EPCAc), e resposta passiva como o sil&#x00EA;ncio ou de reconhecimento n&#x00E3;o expl&#x00ED;cito (c&#x00F3;digos NPSi, NPBc ou NPAc). As respostas com a fun&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de reduzir espa&#x00E7;o &#x00E0;s verbaliza&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais dos pacientes podem ser agrupadas como: respostas com informa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es ou conselhos logo ap&#x00F3;s a express&#x00E3;o de preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais do paciente (c&#x00F3;digos NRIa, ERIa), e respostas que evitam ativamente a express&#x00E3;o emocional (c&#x00F3;digos NRIg, NRSd, ERSw, ERAb).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-6-1972">
<title><bold>A<sc>plicabilidade do</sc> VR-C<sc>o</sc>DES: <sc>avalia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional na intera&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o profissional de sa&#x00FA;de-paciente</sc></bold></title>
<p>A ferramenta tem sido aplicada em v&#x00E1;rios estudos cl&#x00ED;nicos que investigam como os m&#x00E9;dicos respondem &#x00E0;s emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es dos pacientes em diferentes situa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es progn&#x00F3;sticas, indicando que a maioria dos pacientes se comunicam atrav&#x00E9;s de pistas verbais menos expl&#x00ED;citas. Em situa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es pr&#x00E9;-operat&#x00F3;rias, por exemplo, foi constatado que a taxa de ocorr&#x00EA;ncia de emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es negativas em familiares e pacientes &#x00E9; muito maior quando comparada &#x00E0; maioria das conversas em outros ambientes m&#x00E9;dicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-52-1972">Qian et al., 2022</xref>). Por outro lado, nota-se um avan&#x00E7;o dos m&#x00E9;dicos quanto ao fornecimento de respostas emp&#x00E1;ticas e com provis&#x00E3;o de espa&#x00E7;o para que os pacientes se expressem da sua maneira, como no caso de m&#x00E9;dicos de fam&#x00ED;lia que tratam pacientes com doen&#x00E7;as cr&#x00F4;nicas limitantes de vida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-67-1972">De Vleminck et al., 2022</xref>). No contexto oncol&#x00F3;gico, os m&#x00E9;dicos fornecem mais respostas emp&#x00E1;ticas ao pacientes que explicitam pistas emocionais como, por exemplo, o choro ou o sil&#x00EA;ncio, indicando sofrimento emocional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-57-1972">Romeiro et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
<p>Jenny Park e colaboradores utilizaram a ferramenta VR-CoDES para sequenciar a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de m&#x00E9;dicos com pacientes acometidos pelo HIV, constatando que a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional estava presente em 65 dos 91 encontros. A maioria das express&#x00F5;es emocionais foram classificadas como pistas (184/250, 74%) ao inv&#x00E9;s de preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es (66/250, 26%). Por outro lado, os m&#x00E9;dicos eram mais propensos a se concentrar especificamente na emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o do paciente para preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es versus dicas (ex., &#x201C;Com o v&#x00ED;rus, hum, eu n&#x00E3;o... eu gostaria de conhecer algu&#x00E9;m, mas estou com medo&#x201D;) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-43-1972">Park et. al, 2019)</xref>. Outro estudo realizado na China (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-72-1972">Yin et al., 2020</xref>), investigou a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional em 102 consultas gravadas em &#x00E1;udio de 84 pacientes, identificando que as interrup&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es e as repeti&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es do m&#x00E9;dico eram evidentes. As principais preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es dos pacientes estavam relacionadas com o efeito do tratamento (22%), despesas (18%), risco da opera&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o (14%) e dor (10%), evidenciando que os pacientes frequentemente expressavam pistas emocionais e os m&#x00E9;dicos reduziam espa&#x00E7;o &#x00E0;s express&#x00F5;es dos pacientes preferindo respostas de aconselhamento. Esses achados tamb&#x00E9;m foram confirmados em outro estudo em que m&#x00E9;dicos com n&#x00ED;veis mais altos de preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emp&#x00E1;tica responderam &#x00E0;s emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es do paciente dando informa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es e conselhos, n&#x00E3;o explorando emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es ou proporcionando empatia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-42-1972">Park et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Na &#x00E1;rea da enfermagem, um estudo investigou a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional de 33 enfermeiros e 48 pacientes idosos em 195 visitas domiciliares utilizando a codifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o VR-CoDES. As respostas dos enfermeiros proviam espa&#x00E7;o &#x00E0;s express&#x00F5;es emocionais dos pacientes, explorando os desafios existenciais e o medo de perder os la&#x00E7;os sociais. Por outro lado, os enfermeiros reduziam espa&#x00E7;o &#x00E0;s pistas de conte&#x00FA;do fisiol&#x00F3;gico, como a dor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-25-1972">Hafskjold et al., 2018</xref>). Um estudo similar explorou a influ&#x00EA;ncia das caracter&#x00ED;sticas de enfermeiros e idosos na comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional em ambientes de cuidados domiciliares. Em 188 visitas domiciliares, a maior parte do sofrimento emocional era expressa por mulheres mais velhas ou por enfermeiras. Os idosos do sexo masculino tendiam a expressar menos o sofrimento emocional, o que representa um desafio para os profissionais reconhecerem as pistas subjacentes e a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional pouco efetiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-27-1972">H&#x00F6;glander et al., 2019</xref>). Um estudo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-62-1972">Sundling et al., 2020</xref>) comparou as respostas de enfermeiros que prestavam atendimento domiciliar a pacientes idosos na Noruega e na Su&#x00E9;cia e identificou que o n&#x00ED;vel da comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o centrada no paciente estava associado &#x00E0; maneira como os idosos expressavam seu sofrimento. A equipe de enfermeiros da Su&#x00E9;cia mostrou-se mais emp&#x00E1;tica e atenta &#x00E0;s preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais dos idosos do que a equipe da Noruega, evidenciando a necessidade constante de treinamento de habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o centradas no paciente nessa &#x00E1;rea de atua&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o.</p>
<p>Um estudo realizado no Brasil por Fernanda <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-58-1972">Romeiro et al. (2020)</xref> investigou a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional utilizando a ferramenta VR-CoDES. A amostra foi composta por oito m&#x00E9;dicos e 12 pacientes adultos em tratamento para o c&#x00E2;ncer e as consultas de rotina foram gravadas em v&#x00ED;deo. Foram identificadas 349 pistas/preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es nas 12 consultas, com m&#x00E9;dia total de 29,25. Em geral, as pistas mais usadas pelos pacientes estavam relacionadas &#x00E0; pista subjacente de car&#x00E1;ter fisiol&#x00F3;gico (ex., &#x201C;Estou ficando mais magro por causa da doen&#x00E7;a&#x201D; ou &#x201C;N&#x00E3;o estou me sentindo bem, tenho dor&#x201D; ou &#x201C;O conjunto da obra est&#x00E1; em estresse&#x201D;) e ao conte&#x00FA;do usando met&#x00E1;foras (ex., &#x201C;A dor me enfraquece&#x201D; ou &#x201C;Me sinto pregui&#x00E7;osa&#x201D;). Os m&#x00E9;dicos respondiam mais com Aconselhamento Expl&#x00ED;cito (ERIa) (F = 104; 26,4%) e N&#x00E3;o-Expl&#x00ED;cito (Ignorar) (NRIg) (F = 68; 17,3%) ambas com redu&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de espa&#x00E7;o (ex., &#x201C;N&#x00E3;o, nada a ver. Isso aqui eu estou te explicando pra ti n&#x00E3;o ficar encucado com isso aqui&#x201D;). Respostas de explora&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o foram pouco empregadas, indicando que essa sensibilidade exigia dos m&#x00E9;dicos muita concentra&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o. A frequ&#x00EA;ncia de respostas emp&#x00E1;ticas a afetivas explicitam essas dificuldades, como a Explora&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da Emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o (EPAEx; 0,3%), Empatia Ativa (EPAEm; 1,3%), Convite Ativo (NPAi; 1,3%) e Reconhecimento da Emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o (EPAAc; 1,5%).</p>
<p>O comportamento comunicativo dos m&#x00E9;dicos pode inibir ou facilitar a autonomia do paciente, pois algumas respostas mais diretivas e de orienta&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o podem desviar das preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es levantadas pelo paciente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-35-1972">Manalastas et al., 2020</xref>). As express&#x00F5;es emocionais nas primeiras consultas com os oncologistas s&#x00E3;o apresentadas por meio de pistas subjacentes, como sintomas, met&#x00E1;foras, express&#x00E3;o de incertezas e esperan&#x00E7;a (ex., &#x201C;N&#x00E3;o sei o que fazer&#x2026;&#x201D;; &#x201C;O que acontece com mulheres com mesmo problema que o meu?&#x201D;; &#x201C;Preciso de tempo para processar esta informa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o&#x2026;&#x201D;). Tamb&#x00E9;m expressam emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es atrav&#x00E9;s de pistas n&#x00E3;o verbais, como chorar ou suspirar (&#x201C;Ent&#x00E3;o vou perder meu cabelo (choro)?&#x201D;; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-49-1972">Del Piccolo et al., 2019</xref>). O medo da recidiva de pacientes em tratamento para o c&#x00E2;ncer de mama evidencia que as emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es impl&#x00ED;citas s&#x00E3;o expressas atrav&#x00E9;s de pistas de sintomas f&#x00ED;sicos, medo e incertezas quanto &#x00E0; efic&#x00E1;cia do tratamento. Os m&#x00E9;dicos, por n&#x00E3;o reconhecerem essas preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, podem refor&#x00E7;ar que os pacientes n&#x00E3;o expressem respostas expl&#x00ED;citas de explora&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o das emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es na consulta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-28-1972">Humphris et al., 2018</xref>). Pacientes com c&#x00E2;ncer de cabe&#x00E7;a e pesco&#x00E7;o tamb&#x00E9;m expressam muitas preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es aos cirurgi&#x00F5;es durante as consultas de rotina. Consultas mais curtas sugerem que menos tempo &#x00E9; gasto pelos cirurgi&#x00F5;es respondendo &#x00E0;s suas preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es ou construindo um relacionamento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-1-1972">Allen et al., 2018</xref>).</p>
<p>No contexto da oncologia pedi&#x00E1;trica, a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional foi avaliada a partir de 35 consultas que inclu&#x00ED;ram 30 crian&#x00E7;as, 34 m&#x00E9;dicos, seis enfermeiras, e uma psic&#x00F3;loga. Os familiares inclu&#x00ED;dos no estudo eram predominantemente as m&#x00E3;es. As crian&#x00E7;as tinham, em m&#x00E9;dia, 10 anos de idade, a maioria do sexo masculino e com tumores diversos. Na maioria das consultas (91%) foram identificadas pistas emocionais, em 40% preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais expl&#x00ED;citas dos familiares e em apenas 3% preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es dos pacientes. O Aconselhamento Impl&#x00ED;cito (NRia) foi a resposta mais comum utilizada pelos m&#x00E9;dicos, reduzindo o espa&#x00E7;o para express&#x00E3;o das emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-1972">Sisk et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>A comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional no contexto do c&#x00E2;ncer pedi&#x00E1;trico avan&#x00E7;ado &#x00E9; um desafio para os profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de, pois os familiares verbalizam muitas pistas emocionais n&#x00E3;o expl&#x00ED;citas e os m&#x00E9;dicos respondem com afirma&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es n&#x00E3;o carregadas de emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-61-1972">Sisk et al., 2020</xref>). Estes dados podem ser confirmados em outro estudo observacional que avaliou as principais caracter&#x00ED;sticas do di&#x00E1;logo entre m&#x00E9;dicos com pais e crian&#x00E7;as em consultas relacionadas &#x00E0;s condi&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es fisiol&#x00F3;gicas do crescimento infantil na aten&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o prim&#x00E1;ria pedi&#x00E1;trica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-1972">Dic&#x00E9; et al., 2020</xref>). A maioria dos pais expressou preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es expl&#x00ED;citas e pistas com met&#x00E1;foras dram&#x00E1;ticas e os m&#x00E9;dicos fornecerem respostas de redu&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de espa&#x00E7;o. J&#x00E1; as crian&#x00E7;as expressaram medos e ansiedades atrav&#x00E9;s de pistas n&#x00E3;o verbais, como o choro, e os m&#x00E9;dicos tendiam a ignorar a emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o ou mudar de assunto para evitar entrar em contato com suas pr&#x00F3;prias emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-15-1972">Dic&#x00E9; et al., 2020</xref>). Esses resultados evidenciam que, muitas vezes, as preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es expressas pelas crian&#x00E7;as s&#x00E3;o reconhecidas apenas se estiverem relacionadas ao conte&#x00FA;do m&#x00E9;dico e n&#x00E3;o como indicativo de sofrimento psicol&#x00F3;gico. A comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o pedi&#x00E1;trica &#x00E9; fundamental para o manejo do tratamento, ades&#x00E3;o, melhora dos sintomas, melhores respostas cl&#x00ED;nicas e gest&#x00E3;o de quest&#x00F5;es psicossociais (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-31-1972">Kohlsdorf e Costa Junior, 2016</xref>).</p>
<p>&#x00C9; comum que os pacientes com doen&#x00E7;as cr&#x00F4;nicas expressem menos preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es expl&#x00ED;citas sobre a doen&#x00E7;a e o tratamento. Pacientes com esclerose m&#x00FA;ltipla tamb&#x00E9;m expressaram mais pistas (492) do que preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es (45) em 88 consultas com seus neurologistas. Pistas subjacentes, como o uso de met&#x00E1;foras (pista b, 41%) e refer&#x00EA;ncias a eventos de vida estressantes (pista d, 26%), foram as mais comuns. Essas pistas estavam relacionadas com n&#x00ED;veis elevados de ansiedade e depress&#x00E3;o dos pacientes. Os neurologistas n&#x00E3;o reconheceram as express&#x00F5;es emocionais, reduzindo o espa&#x00E7;o (mudar de assunto, n&#x00E3;o prestar aten&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, dar conselhos m&#x00E9;dicos) em 58% das pistas e 76% das preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-50-1972">Del Piccolo et al., 2015</xref>). O VR-CoDES tamb&#x00E9;m foi aplicado em consultas com farmac&#x00EA;uticos, considerando que os pacientes expressam muitas pistas emocionais em rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o &#x00E0;s terap&#x00EA;uticas medicamentosas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-17-1972">Eikenhorst et al., 2020</xref>). Diferente de outros profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de, os farmac&#x00EA;uticos s&#x00E3;o capazes de responder &#x00E0;s emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es negativas dos pacientes, utilizando de respostas mais expl&#x00ED;citas e com provis&#x00E3;o de espa&#x00E7;o para obter um conhecimento mais aprofundado dos problemas dos pacientes. A express&#x00F5;es emocionais negativas tamb&#x00E9;m foram analisadas no contexto odontol&#x00F3;gico com 21 pacientes que, na maioria das vezes, experimentavam sentimentos negativos nas consultas e n&#x00E3;o verbalizavam. Esses dados refor&#x00E7;am a import&#x00E2;ncia de os profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de explorarem as emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es impl&#x00ED;citas e questionarem mais os pacientes em consultas de rotina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-26-1972">Heyman et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec-7-1972">
<title><bold>T<sc>reinamentos de habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o</sc>: L<sc>acunas e desafios</sc></bold></title>
<p>H&#x00E1; um consenso sobre a necessidade de melhorar as habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de, especialmente dos que lidam com doen&#x00E7;as cr&#x00F4;nicas, como o c&#x00E2;ncer, atrav&#x00E9;s de programas de treinamento e desenvolvimento de habilidades emp&#x00E1;ticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-24-1972">Grosseman et al., 2022</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-38-1972">Moura et al., 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-56-1972">Rogge et al., 2021</xref>). O treinamento de habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o pode orientar os profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de a conhecerem quais s&#x00E3;o as pistas que indicam uma preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional e, assim, garantirem uma comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o efetiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-21-1972">Giroldi et al., 2020</xref>). Um estudo comprovou a efic&#x00E1;cia de um breve programa de treinamento em habilidades relacionais e de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o utilizando a ferramenta VR-CoDES e um instrumento baseado no protocolo SPIKES para classificar dez habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o para dar m&#x00E1;s not&#x00ED;cias, sendo elas: a) compreender a perspectiva do paciente; b) responder &#x00E0;s pistas emocionais do paciente; c) explorar o que o paciente j&#x00E1; sabe antes de dar a m&#x00E1; not&#x00ED;cia; d) transmitir informa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es passo a passo; e) explicar o diagn&#x00F3;stico e os sintomas; f) discutir alternativas de tratamento; g) planejar e orientar; g) oferecer parceria; i) verificar a compreens&#x00E3;o/d&#x00FA;vidas; e j) sintetizar as informa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es e estabelecer um plano de acompanhamento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-3-1972">Barbosa et al,., 2019</xref>). Os residentes forneceram mais espa&#x00E7;o para explora&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de pistas e preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais e tamb&#x00E9;m melhoraram em sete das dez habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o para dar m&#x00E1;s not&#x00ED;cias, tais como a capacidade de entender a perspectiva do paciente e responder &#x00E0;s pistas emocionais, explorando ativamente as ideias, preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es, desejos, expectativas, impacto dos sintomas e do diagn&#x00F3;stico na vida do paciente, reconhecendo seus sentimentos e dando respostas mais emp&#x00E1;ticas. O treinamento de habilidade de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional, baseado no VR-CoDES, tamb&#x00E9;m foi realizado com estudantes de medicina que classificaram a maioria das respostas de redu&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de espa&#x00E7;o como inadequadas e respostas expl&#x00ED;citas com provis&#x00E3;o de espa&#x00E7;o como mais adequadas e preferidas por eles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-23-1972">Graupe et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Pesquisadores avaliaram um treinamento no curso de psicologia m&#x00E9;dica, totalizando um per&#x00ED;odo de 21 horas, com estudantes de medicina, utilizando a ferramenta para codificar respostas de profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de em consultas cl&#x00ED;nicas na aten&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o prim&#x00E1;ria. O treinamento envolveu discuss&#x00E3;o em pequenos grupos, dramatiza&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, simula&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, an&#x00E1;lise de v&#x00ED;deo, feedback, reflex&#x00E3;o sobre as habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o, controle e manejo das emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es a partir do m&#x00E9;todo &#x201C;NURSE&#x201D; (<italic>naming, understanding, respecting, supporting, exploring</italic>) traduzido como nomear, compreender, respeitar, apoiar, explorar). Em 74,6% das respostas, os estudantes usaram apenas uma resposta de &#x201C;redu&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de espa&#x00E7;o&#x201D; ou de &#x201C;fornecer espa&#x00E7;o&#x201D; &#x00E0;s pistas e preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais descritas pelos pacientes nas entrevistas. A maioria foi com Aconselhamento Expl&#x00ED;cito (ERIa): ex., &#x201C;Voc&#x00EA; vai melhorar a press&#x00E3;o arterial gradualmente&#x201D; ap&#x00F3;s uma pista do paciente (ex., estresse familiar), o que refor&#x00E7;a que m&#x00E9;dicos tendem a reduzir espa&#x00E7;o e informar mais do explorar as emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es dos pacientes; Explora&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de Conte&#x00FA;do (EPCEx): ex. &#x201C;O que voc&#x00EA; pode fazer de diferente para n&#x00E3;o ter mais essas dificuldades?&#x201D;, o que revela que, em alguns momentos, fornecem espa&#x00E7;o, mas apenas ao conte&#x00FA;do da pista e n&#x00E3;o &#x00E0; emo&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o impl&#x00ED;cita, e o Reconhecimento de Conte&#x00FA;do (EPCAc), evidenciando que respostas de reconhecimento afetivo e emp&#x00E1;ticas s&#x00E3;o pouco utilizadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-39-1972">Ortwein et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Treinamentos que promovem as habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o centradas no paciente tem se mostrado efetivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-34-1972">Maatouk-B&#x00FC;rmann et al., 2016</xref>). A empatia dos enfermeiros tamb&#x00E9;m pode ser melhorada atrav&#x00E9;s de treinamento de habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o para que facilitem a express&#x00E3;o das emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es de pacientes com c&#x00E2;ncer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-54-1972">Razavi et al., 2002</xref>), assim como demais profiss&#x00F5;es da sa&#x00FA;de (dentistas, nutricionistas, psiquiatras, dentre outros). O ensino das habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o deve estar baseado na escuta ativa e nas respostas emp&#x00E1;ticas &#x00E0;s preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es de pacientes como uma premissa central da educa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o em sa&#x00FA;de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-36-1972">Mazzi et al., 2013</xref>). O treinamento das habilidades durante a forma&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o acad&#x00EA;mica de enfermagem indica melhorias na provis&#x00E3;o das informa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es e comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emp&#x00E1;tica, confirmando sua efic&#x00E1;cia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-7-1972">Cannity et al., 2021</xref>). Al&#x00E9;m disso, o treinamento para profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de que atuam em hospitais melhora a autoefic&#x00E1;cia, aumenta a percep&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da import&#x00E2;ncia das habilidades ensinadas, necessitando ser cont&#x00ED;nuo e estimulado entre as equipes de sa&#x00FA;de (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-69-1972">Wolderslund et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Embora os programas de treinamento de habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o em sa&#x00FA;de se mostrem eficazes, para melhorar a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de e ampliar o reconhecimento de express&#x00F5;es emocionais dos pacientes, a literatura aponta lacunas nos estudos que determinem por quanto tempo os efeitos dos treinamentos permanecem nas condutas cl&#x00ED;nicas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-37-1972">Moore et al., 2018</xref>). A falta de treinamentos durante a forma&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o acad&#x00EA;mica que oportunizem estudantes da &#x00E1;rea da sa&#x00FA;de a ampliarem suas habilidades cl&#x00ED;nicas, &#x00E9;ticas e de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emp&#x00E1;tica, s&#x00E3;o desafios descritos pela literatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-18-1972">Ferr&#x00E1;ndez-Ant&#x00F3;n et al., 2020</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-55-1972">Rocha et al., 2019</xref>). Nesse sentido, torna-se necess&#x00E1;rio que as escolas m&#x00E9;dicas incluam o ensino do profissionalismo em sua matriz curr&#x00ED;cular com o objetivo de garantir que as pr&#x00F3;ximas gera&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es de m&#x00E9;dicos estejam preparadas para uma pr&#x00E1;tica profissional compassiva, humanista e &#x00E9;tica, voltada aos interesses da sociedade em um mundo com demandas cada vez maiores e em constante transforma&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref-11-1972">Cruz et al., 2023</xref>).</p>
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<sec id="sec-8-1972">
<title><bold>C<sc>onsidera&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es</sc> F<sc>inais</sc></bold></title>
<p>Este estudo apresentou a ferramenta <italic>Verona Coding Definitions of Emotional Sequences</italic> (VR-CoDES), que codifica sequ&#x00EA;ncias emocionais na intera&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o profissional de sa&#x00FA;de-paciente com o objetivo de avaliar a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional, considerada como um desafio em diversas pesquisas. A identifica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de pistas e preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es emocionais permite aos profissionais fornecerem espa&#x00E7;o aos pacientes para maior compreens&#x00E3;o dos sentimentos expressos nas consultas cl&#x00ED;nicas. A ferramenta possui tradu&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es em ingl&#x00EA;s, alem&#x00E3;o, italiano, portugu&#x00EA;s e chin&#x00EA;s, o que permite que estudos sejam reproduzidos para avalia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o da intera&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dos profissionais com os pacientes a n&#x00ED;vel nacional e internacional. Uma ampla gama de estudos j&#x00E1; utilizou a ferramenta em diferentes &#x00E1;reas da sa&#x00FA;de, sendo a maior parte deles realizado na oncologia, psiquiatria, oftalmologia, enfermagem e odontologia. Os contextos mais explorados s&#x00E3;o as doen&#x00E7;as cr&#x00F4;nicas, como o c&#x00E2;ncer, HIV, esclerose m&#x00FA;ltipla, dentre outras. A ferramenta utilizada para codificar as intera&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es dos profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de com os pacientes permite orientar os profissionais e educadores de sa&#x00FA;de para o aumento de habilidades emp&#x00E1;ticas e redu&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o das express&#x00F5;es comumente usadas que n&#x00E3;o contribuem para a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o assertiva. Al&#x00E9;m disso, a ferramenta permite uma an&#x00E1;lise avan&#x00E7;ada da intera&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o para auxiliar na diferencia&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o entre respostas e servir para o treinamento de habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o na entrevista com o paciente, facilitando as express&#x00F5;es negativas, d&#x00FA;vidas e refor&#x00E7;ando a ades&#x00E3;o &#x00E0;s terap&#x00EA;uticas.</p>
<p>Os profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de tendem a responder a express&#x00F5;es emocionais dos pacientes com respostas de redu&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o de espa&#x00E7;o, aconselhando, informando ou ignorando as pistas emocionais. A literatura evidencia que essas redu&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es nas respostas podem gerar preju&#x00ED;zos para a sa&#x00FA;de psicol&#x00F3;gica dos pacientes, aumentando os n&#x00ED;veis de ansiedade, depress&#x00E3;o e sentimentos negativos, como a ang&#x00FA;stia e o medo. A comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o &#x00E9; uma habilidade cl&#x00ED;nica fundamental na &#x00E1;rea da sa&#x00FA;de que tem impacto na satisfa&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e ades&#x00E3;o do paciente &#x00E0;s terap&#x00EA;uticas, na qualidade da intera&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o e no suporte emocional oferecido para explora&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o dessas preocupa&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es. O estudo forneceu evid&#x00EA;ncias de como os pacientes em diferentes condi&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es cl&#x00ED;nicas expressam pistas subjetivas e como os profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de respondem &#x00E0;s emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es. Al&#x00E9;m disso, apresentou lacunas e desafios em rela&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o aos treinamentos de habilidades de comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o para os profissionais de sa&#x00FA;de. Os treinamentos devem incluir a comunica&#x00E7;&#x00E3;o emocional como uma habilidade importante a ser desenvolvida para que os profissionais reconhe&#x00E7;am as emo&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es dos pacientes e ofere&#x00E7;am um cuidado integral &#x00E0; sa&#x00FA;de.</p>
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